An extreme distortion of the Van Allen belt arising from the ‘Hallowe'en’ solar storm in 2003

Baker, D. N.; Kanekal, S.; Li, X.; Monk, S.; Goldstein, J.; Burch, J. L.

doi:10.1038/nature03116

Cited by 313 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, during strong storms, the slot region can become filled [e.g., Baker et al, 2004]. The slot region subsequently reforms on a timescale of days to weeks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The slot region subsequently reforms on a timescale of days to weeks. For example, Baker et al [2004], using Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) data, estimated e-folding loss timescales of 4.6 and 2.9 days following enhancements of 2-6 MeV electrons at L = 2.5 in November 2003. At L = 2.5, the loss timescales of 2 MeV electrons due Figure 5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, during major geomagnetic storms, such as the Halloween storm in 2003, the flux of relativistic electrons in the slot region increases dramatically [Baker et al, 2004], as a result of enhanced inward transport and wave acceleration Shprits et al, 2006;Thorne et al, 2007]. The enhanced flux of relativistic electrons subsequently decay to the prestorm equilibrium levels on a timescale of days to weeks, largely due to the resonant pitch angle scattering by plasmaspheric hiss [Lyons et al, 1972;Lyons and Thorne, 1973;Albert, 1994;Thorne 1998a, 1998b], although losses due to lightning-induced electron precipitation may be important at lower energies [Voss et al, 1998;Blake et al, 2001;Rodger and Clilverd, 2002].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Slot region electron loss timescales due to plasmaspheric hiss and lightning‐generated whistlers

et al. 2007

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[1] Energetic electrons (E > 100 keV) in the Earth's radiation belts undergo Dopplershifted cyclotron resonant interactions with a variety of whistler mode waves leading to pitch angle scattering and subsequent loss to the atmosphere. In this study we assess the relative importance of plasmaspheric hiss and lightning-generated whistlers in the slot region and beyond. Electron loss timescales are determined using the Pitch Angle and energy Diffusion of Ions and Electrons (PADIE) code with global models of the spectral distributions of the wave power based on CRRES observations. Our results show that plasmaspheric hiss propagating at small and intermediate wave normal angles is a significant scattering agent in the slot region and beyond. In contrast, plasmaspheric hiss propagating at large wave normal angles and lightning-generated whistlers do not contribute significantly to radiation belt loss. The loss timescale of 2 MeV electrons due to plasmaspheric hiss propagating at small and intermediate wave normal angles in the center of the slot region (L = 2.5) lies in the range 1-10 days, consistent with recent Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) observations. Wave turbulence in space, which is responsible for the generation plasmaspheric hiss, thus leads to the formation of the slot region. During active periods, losses due to plasmaspheric hiss may occur on a timescale of 1 day or less for a wide range of energies, 200 keV < E < 1 MeV, in the region 3.5 < L < 4.0. Plasmaspheric hiss may thus also be a significant loss process in the inner region of the outer radiation belt during magnetically disturbed periods.Citation: Meredith, N. P., R. B. Horne, S. A. Glauert, and R. R. Anderson (2007), Slot region electron loss timescales due to plasmaspheric hiss and lightning-generated whistlers,

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“…However, during strong storms, the slot region can become filled [e.g., Baker et al, 2004]. The slot region subsequently reforms on a timescale of days to weeks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Slot region electron loss timescales due to plasmaspheric hiss and lightning‐generated whistlers

et al. 2007

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“…In the last decade temporal changes of particle fluxes were observed in the radiation belt due to geomagnetic storms (e.g. the Halloween storm 2003, Baker et al 2004). Enhanced particle fluxes in the outer radiation belt and slot region can extend down to ISS altitudes (Shurshakov et al 1996) and may contribute significantly to the radiation exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matroshka DOSTEL measurements onboard the International Space Station (ISS)

Labrenz

Burmeister

Berger

et al. 2015

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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This paper presents the absorbed dose and dose equivalent rate measurements achieved with the DOSimetry TElescope (DOSTEL) during the two Matroshka (MTR) experiment campaigns in /2005 (MTR-1) and 2007/2008. The comparison between the inside (MTR-2B) and outside (MTR-1) mission has shown that the shielding thickness provided by the International Space Station (ISS) spacecraft hull has a minor effect on the radiation exposure caused by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR). The exposure varies with the solar modulation of the GCR, too. Particles from Earth's radiation belts are effectively shielded by the spacecraft hull, and thus the contribution to the radiation exposure is lower for the inside measurement during MTR-2B. While the MTR-DOSTEL absorbed dose rate shows a good agreement with passive detectors of the MTR experiment for the MTR-2B mission phase, the MTR-1 absorbed dose rates from MTR-DOSTEL measurements are much lower than those obtained by a nearby passive detector. Observed discrepancies between the MTR-DOSTEL measurements and the passive detectors located nearby could be explained by the additional exposure to an enhanced flux of electrons trapped between L-parameter 2.5 and 3.5 caused by solar storms in July 2004.

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“…The Halloween storm on October 28, 2003 had spectacular enhancements of solar X-rays (flares), solar energetic particles and there was a large geomagnetic storm (Lopez et al 2004). Baker et al (2004) showed that the period of October-November 2003 was a period of exceptionally high radiation belt variability and that the plasmasphere was reduced to less than half its normal size. The presence of X-rays and gamma radiation may damage our technological systems in space, and may harm the health of humans in space.…”

Section: Introduction To Solar Flares and Their Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

2010

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The time varying conditions in the near-Earth space environment that may affect space-borne or ground-based technological systems and may endanger human health or life are referred to as space weather. Space weather effects arise from the dynamic and highly variable conditions in the geospace environment starting from explosive events on the Sun (solar flares), Coronal Mass Ejections near the Sun in the interplanetary medium, and various energetic effects in the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system. As the utilization of space has become part of our everyday lives, and as our lives have become increasingly dependent on technological systems vulnerable to the space weather influences, the understanding and prediction of hazards posed by these active solar events have grown in importance. In this paper, we review the processes of the Sun-Earth interactions, the dynamic conditions within the magnetosphere, and the predictability of space weather effects on radio waves, satellites and ground-based technological systems today.

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An extreme distortion of the Van Allen belt arising from the ‘Hallowe'en’ solar storm in 2003

Cited by 313 publications

References 22 publications

Slot region electron loss timescales due to plasmaspheric hiss and lightning‐generated whistlers

Slot region electron loss timescales due to plasmaspheric hiss and lightning‐generated whistlers

Matroshka DOSTEL measurements onboard the International Space Station (ISS)

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

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