An extinction trial as a reminder treatment following electroconvulsive shock

Gordon, William C.; Mowrer, Robert R.

doi:10.3758/bf03199618

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…In the view of Riccio, the effectiveness of reminder treatments is a consequence of the reminder stimulus and the internal state produced by the amnestic treatment having similar stimulus properties. This seems plausible when the reminder stimulus is stressful, but is harder to apply to situations in which the reminder stimulus is an innocuous cue from the original training situation (see Gordon and Mowrer 1980). Some of the discrepancies in the literature could be resolved through a sharper distinction between initial (i.e., synaptic) consolidation and subsequent system consolidation, which is sometimes (arguably) thought to involve relocation of stored information to different anatomical sites in the brain (often from hippocampus to neocortext) (see Dudai 2004) over long, perhaps very long (e.g., days) periods of time (Kim and Fanselow 1992;Milekic and Alberini 2002).…”

Section: Learning and Memory 493mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, the stimulus that serves as the most effective reminder stimulus is the reinforcer from initial training (see Miller and Springer 1972). However, there are clear instances of recovery from experimental amnesia being induced with the target conditioned stimulus (CS) serving as the reminder stimulus (see Gordon and Mowrer 1980). Reminder treatments also produce recovery from amnesia that had been induced by amnestic agents administered following reactivation of an old memory (see Eisenberg and Dudai 2004 as well as Duvarci and Nader 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Then using the US (i.e., reinforcer) as a reminder stimulus could allow relevant new learning about the task that could enhance later performance. But it is hard indeed to see what new relevant learning could occur when the reminder stimulus is a presentation of the CS by itself (see Gordon and Mowrer 1980) or when the reminder stimulus is a stressor with physical characteristics highly dissimilar to the reinforcer in training . Task-irrelevant stressors can under certain circumstances enhance existing memories (Shors 2004) as can a number of pharmacological agents, but there must be some memory in place to be enhanced.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In 1973, Miller and Springer argued that, if amnestic agents prevent the formation of enduring structuralmolecular representations of training, as is assumed by traditional consolidation theory, then memories based on this training should not be later available to benefit from later reminder treatments. Yet, reminder effects are clearly observed both when amnesia is induced very soon following training (i.e., potentially speaking to synaptic consolidation) (see Lewis et al 1968;Quartermain et al 1972;Gordon and Mowrer 1980) and with longer intervals between training and administration of the amnestic treatment (i.e., speaking to system consolidation) (see de Hoz et al 2004).One might defend the traditional consolidation position by arguing that using a reinforcer as a reminder stimulus allows new learning about the affective attributes of the reinforcer. Perhaps the association between the two paired stimuli was previously consolidated, but information about the affective value of the US was not consolidated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Miller

Matzel²

2006

Learn. Mem.

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For at least 40 years, there has been a recurring argument concerning the nature of experimental amnesia, with one side arguing that amnesic treatments interfere with the formation of enduring memories and the other side arguing that these treatments interfere with the expression of memories that were effectively encoded. The argument appears to stem from a combination of (1) unclear definitions and (2) real differences in the theoretical vantages that underlie the interpretation of relevant data. Here we speak to how the field might avoid arguments that are definitional in nature and how various hypotheses fare in light of published data. Existing but often overlooked data favor very rapid (milliseconds) synaptic consolidation, with experimental amnesia reflecting, at least in part, deficits in retrieval rather than in the initial storage of information.As most commonly conceived, "memory consolidation" refers uniquely to the processes by which newly acquired information, which is initially represented in ongoing synaptic transmission, comes over time to be encoded in a format that was independent of ongoing activity (and thus sensory stimulation) (Müller and Pilzecker 1900;McGaugh 1966). Fundamental to consolidation theory as it was originally formulated is that there were dual representational systems, one dependent upon ongoing neural transmission and the other dependent on enduring (i.e., structural/molecular) changes in the nervous system (e.g., pathway synthesis, facilitation of transmitter release, potentiation of sensitivity to transmitter binding, enhancement of membrane excitability) (for a review, see Matzel et al. 1998). Presumably there was a sequential dependence of the latter process (consolidation) on the former process (see Hebb 1949). Today it is widely recognized that there are a number of different molecular-structural representations that may be formed during memory storage, and that these representations become stable (i.e., "encoded") at very different rates and are dependent on different neuroanatomical sites (see Gibbs and Ng 1977;McGaugh 2000). This conceptualization of the consolidation process is often referred to as "system consolidation," although it should be noted that these different structural-molecular representations need not be sequentially linked (see Tully et al. 1994). Much recent attention has been devoted to system consolidation, which is relatively slow and measured in hours, days, or even months (see Kim and Fanselow 1992), as opposed to the earlier but still not fully answered questions of initial consolidation, which is generally assumed to occur in seconds or minutes. Although careless use of language has resulted in some confusion between these two related but different types of consolidation, some researchers distinguish them by using the expression "synaptic consolidation" (or "short-term molecular consolidation") for initial consolidation, which they differentiate from system consolidation (Nadel and Moscovitch 1997; Nader et al. 2000b;Dudai 2004). The focus of...

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Section: Learning and Memory 493mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Miller

Matzel²

2006

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“…This was demonstrated in many studies showing recovery from ECS, hypoxia, or other experimentally induced retrograde amnesias. Effective "reminders" included a weak foot shock, exposure to the training context, or a combination of the training context and the foot shock Quartermain et al 1972;Miller and Springer 1972;Sara 1973;DeVietti and Hopfer 1974;Sara et al 1975;Gordon and Mowrer 1980). Small doses of analeptic drugs, such as strychnine, amphetamine, or piracetam, when administered before the retention test, also were shown to reverse ECS or hypoxiainduced amnesia, presumably by acting directly on retrieval processes (Sara and David-Remacle 1974;Sara and Remacle 1977).…”

Section: Retrieval Facilitation After Experimental Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval and Reconsolidation: Toward a Neurobiology of Remembering

Sara¹

2000

Learn. Mem.

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Reconsolidation reconsidered

Riccio

Moody

Millin

2002

Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science

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Some of the considerations that led to a consolidation interpretation of retrograde amnesia (RA), which states that RA results from the disruption of memory processing and storage when neural activity is interrupted by a brain insult, are reviewed here. The time-dependent gradient of memory loss (i.e., new memories are more vulnerable to amnesia than old memories) that characterizes RA seemed to fit nicely with the notion of a cascade of cellular events occurring during the immediate post-acquisition period that would transform a labile representation into a more stable form (i.e., consolidate the memory). However, a variety of observations came to challenge the storage-disruption model, and among these was the finding of amnesia for old but reactivated memories. A recent study by Nader, Schafe, and LeDoux (2000) provides an important analytic extension of the work on "reconsolidation" by showing that inhibition of protein synthesis in the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala immediately following the reactivation of old memory will induce retrograde amnesia. We offer a retrieval-oriented conceptualization to account for the temporal gradient and the "reconsolidation" phenomena.

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An extinction trial as a reminder treatment following electroconvulsive shock

Cited by 40 publications

References 12 publications

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Retrieval and Reconsolidation: Toward a Neurobiology of Remembering

Reconsolidation reconsidered

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