Retrieval and Reconsolidation: Toward a Neurobiology of Remembering

Sara, Susan J.

doi:10.1101/lm.7.2.73

Cited by 837 publications

(636 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Limited evidence suggests that the end of the reconsolidation window is likely to be around six hours, but the neurobiology of reconsolidation is largely unknown and not allowing estimations about the start of such a window (e.g. Horne, Rodriguez, Wright, & Padilla, 1997; Rodriguez, Horne, & Padilla, 1999; Sara, 2000). In clinical practice and other experimental psychopathology, dual tasks interventions are usually administered during and immediately after memory reactivation (Van den Hout & Engelhard, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma

Hagenaars

Holmes

Klaassen

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Intrusive trauma memories are a key symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), so disrupting their recurrence is highly important. Intrusion development was hindered by visuospatial interventions administered up to 24 hours after analogue trauma. It is unknown whether interventions can be applied later, and whether modality or working-memory load are crucial factors. Objectives: This study tested: (1) whether a visuospatial task would lead to fewer intrusions compared to a reactivation-only group when applied after memory reactivation four days after analogue trauma exposure (extended replication), (2) whether both tasks (i.e. one aimed to be visuospatial, one more verbal) would lead to fewer intrusions than the reactivation-only group (intervention effect), and (3) whether supposed task modality (visuospatial or verbal) is a critical component (modality effect). Method: Fifty-four participants were randomly assigned to reactivation+Tetris (visuospatial), reactivation+Word games (verbal), or reactivation-only (no task). They watched an aversive film (day 0) and recorded intrusive memories of the film in diary A. On day 4, memory was reactivated, after which participants played Tetris, Word games, or had no task for 10 minutes. They then kept a second diary (B). Informative hypotheses were evaluated using Bayes factors. Results: Reactivation+Tetris and reactivation+Word games resulted in relatively fewer intrusions from the last day of diary A to the first day of diary B than reactivation-only (objective 1 and 2). Thus, both tasks were effective even when applied days after analogue trauma. Reactivation-only was not effective. Reactivation+Word games appeared to result in fewer intrusions than reactivation+Tetris (objective 3; modality effect), but this evidence was weak. Explorative analyses showed that Word games were more difficult than Tetris. Conclusions: Applying a task four days after the trauma film (during memory reconsolidation) was effective. The modality versus working-memory load issue is inconclusive.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma

Hagenaars

Holmes

Klaassen

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Second, a novel association is formed between exposure to the previously drug-associated environment and the effects of saline administration. The novel association interacts with the original one in the process of re-consolidation (Spear and Mueller, 1984;Sara, 2000). Recent data suggest that the associations that govern retrieval, reconsolidation, and coding of memories are highly dependent on glutamate transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Memory formation and processing are dynamic in that new memories are formed on the basis of reactivated old associations. Each time a memory trace is retrieved, it is reorganized, with new information being integrated into the existing memory (Spear and Mueller, 1984;Sara, 2000). Consequently, conditioned responses to drug-associated stimuli may be extinguished after exposure to these stimuli in a drug-free state (Numan et al, 1976;De Wit and Stewart, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinstatement of Morphine-Conditioned Reward is Blocked by Memantine

Popik

Wróbel

Bisaga

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Protection of abstinent individuals from relapse is the main goal of drug dependence treatment. Relapse is frequently precipitated by exposure to small doses of the drug of abuse or exposure to the environment that was previously associated with the drug. Mice exposed to morphine (10 mg/kg) in a unique test-box environment display a conditioned place preference for this environment. Such preference can be extinguished by subsequent pairing of physiological saline administration with the same environment. Once extinguished, the original place preference can be reinstated after a priming dose (1-2.5 mg/kg) of morphine is given. However, mice treated with 7.5 (but not 3.75) mg/kg of memantine (the glutamate/NMDA receptor antagonist) during the extinction phase were insensitive to morphine's ability to reinstate the place preference 2 days after extinction conditionings. Effect of memantine was also observed when priming dose of morphine was given 21 days after extinction conditionings. In contrast, morphine's ability to reinstate conditioned response was not affected by treatment with 10 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide, 0.5 mg/kg of LSD-25, or 1 mg/kg of morphine given during extinction conditionings. A separate experiment demonstrated that memantine (7.5 mg/kg) treatment did not affect learning. We show for the first time that memantine treatment during extinction conditionings may abolish the ability of drug-related cues to evoke reinstatement, suggesting that this NMDA receptor antagonist can be useful in preventing relapse in opioid dependent individuals.

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“…This result lends significant support to the current widely held view that reactivated old memories undergo a "reconsolidation" process to update the information. For the most part, the existence of reconsolidation processes have only been inferred from the fact that amnesia can be induced after reactivation of well established memories (Przybyslawski and Sara, 1997;Nader et al, 2000) (for review, see Sara, 2000;Nader, 2003;Dudai, 2006). If the learning-dependent increase in spindle density is, as it is purported to be, a physiological marker of off-line memory consolidation, then the increase seen after retrieval from remote memory may indeed indicate that a reconsolidation process is taking place.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Sleep Spindle Density after Learning or after Retrieval in Rats

Eschenko

Mölle²,

Born³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

227

199

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Non-rapid eye movement sleep has been strongly implicated in consolidation of both declarative and procedural memory in humans. Elevated sleep-spindle density in slow-wave sleep after learning has been shown recently in humans. It has been proposed that sleep spindles, 12-15 Hz oscillations superimposed on slow waves (Ͻ1 Hz), in concert with high-frequency hippocampal sharp waves/ripples, promote neural plasticity underlying remote memory formation. The present study reports the first indication of learning-associated increase in spindle density in the rat, providing an animal model to study the role of brain oscillations in memory consolidation during sleep. An odor-reward association task, analogous in many respects to human paired-associate learning, is rapidly learned and leads to robust memory in rats. Rats learned the task over 10 massed trials within a single session, and EEG was monitored for 3 h after learning. Learning-induced increase in spindle density is reliably reproduced in rats in two different learning situations, differing primarily in the behavioral component of the task. This increase in spindle density is also present after reactivation of remote memory and in situations when memory update is required; it is not observed after noncontingent exposure to reward and training context. The latter results substantially extend findings in humans. The magnitude of increase (ϳ25%) and the time window of maximal effect (ϳ1 h after sleep onset) were remarkably similar to human data, making this a valid rodent model to study network interactions through the use of simultaneous unit recordings and local field potentials during postlearning sleep.

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Retrieval and Reconsolidation: Toward a Neurobiology of Remembering

Cited by 837 publications

References 103 publications

Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma

Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma

Reinstatement of Morphine-Conditioned Reward is Blocked by Memantine

Elevated Sleep Spindle Density after Learning or after Retrieval in Rats

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