An Extended $4 \times 4$ Butler Matrix With Enhanced Beam Controllability and Widened Spatial Coverage

Chu, Huy Nam; Ma, Tzyh‐Ghuang

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2017.2772815

Cited by 70 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The 4 × 4 BM is the most common structure; a variety of techniques and configurations have been presented in the literature for the realization of such a BM [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. One of them is the CMOS technology, which has been used to implement a fully integrated 4 × 4 BM for smart antenna systems [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, a vertically installed planar (VIP) structure has been proposed; it allows for a compact circuit size and a wide bandwidth [9]. A symmetric, single-layer topology has been adopted by [10] in order to produce flexible phase differences in the output ports, whereas a design based on the phase reconfigurable synthesized transmission line (PRSTL) has been introduced for the realization of an extended 4 × 4 BM with 16 switchable beams [11]. An inherent problem in the design of a BM is the presence of crossovers, an issue that may be overcome by implementing a multilayer topology like the one applied by [5,12,13] in order to construct 4 × 4 BMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Implementation of Single-Layer 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 Butler Matrices for Multibeam Antenna Arrays

Adamidis

Vardiambasis

Ioannidou

et al. 2019

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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Single-layer 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 Butler matrices (BMs) that operate in the L and S bands are implemented in this paper. Easy-to-fabricate microstrip layout topologies are designed and constructed; the final arrangement of the BMs allows realization without any crossovers. The performance of the networks is evaluated by measuring their frequency response. The return loss (RL) and the isolation are below -15 dB over the operation bandwidth for all structures, whereas the average insertion loss is less than 1 dB for the 4 × 4 BM and does not exceed 3 dB for the 8 × 8 BM. The amplitude imbalance is at most 0.5 dB and 1.5 dB, for the 4 × 4 and the 8 × 8 BMs, respectively. Moreover, multibeam antenna arrays fed by the BMs are constructed. The radiation patterns are measured and compared with theoretical data; a good agreement is achieved. The side lobes are sufficiently low, compared to the theoretical predictions, whereas they are further reduced by applying appropriate excitation schemes to the input ports of the BMs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of Single-Layer 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 Butler Matrices for Multibeam Antenna Arrays

Adamidis

Vardiambasis

Ioannidou

et al. 2019

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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“…Among these, the Butler matrix, has been widely used in switched (or sectored) beamforming antenna because of simplicity and easy realization. [4][5][6][7][8] The conventional Butler matrix is an N×N network, with N = 2 n and n = 1, 2, 3, … Due to many 90 couplers implemented in the network, the circuit complexity rises as the number of beam patterns increases. Also, the conventional Butler matrix is not easy to beamforming at the boresight (0C) because of symmetrical even number of beam patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 28 GHz CMOS Butler matrix for 5G mm‐wave beamforming systems

Park

Kim

2020

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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This paper presents 28 GHz CMOS 8×8 Butler matrix which can improve the beamforming capability in 5G mm-wave communication systems. The proposed 28 GHz N×N Butler matrix can increase the number of the antenna beam pattern from N to 2N − 1 beams with DP8T switch network including a lumped 180 coupler, 22.5 phase shifter, and switches. The beamformer is fabricated using 65 nm CMOS process and the size is 1.8 × 2.5 mm 2 . The DC current consumption is 145 mA (Rx) and 180 mA (Tx) at 2.5 V supply voltage. The proposed 28 GHz CMOS 8×8 Butler Matrix is able to make 15 beam patterns with AE63 beam scan and low sidelobe level, which is suitable in low cost 5G mm-wave beamforming system. K E Y W O R D S 28 GHz N×N Butler matrix, DP8T switch network, 2N − 1 beam, beamforming, CMOS

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“…Most recently, there has been an increasing interest in Butler matrices, and various fabrication technologies such as low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) [18], waveguide [19] and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) [20]- [22], have been used to implement Butler matrices to millimeter-waves systems for 5G mobile or fixed wireless access communication. Various techniques for circuit miniaturization [23]- [24], bandwidth enhancement [25], and beams control [26] have been applied to traditional 4 × 4 Butler matrices, to obtain more attractive features. Traditional uniform Butler matrices usually include 2 input ports and 2 output ports, such as 2 × 2, 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 formats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%