“…In the recent past, researchers employed the conventional statistical design of experiment (DOE) based techniques like the Taguchi method, Response Surface Methods (RSM), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), etc to optimize spot-welding process parameters. Attempts to optimize tensile strength for spot-welded joints of Titanium alloy [Bozkurt and Çakır (2021), Fatmahardi et al (2021)], aluminum alloys [Raheem, (2021)], dissimilar materials combining steels and composites [Neystani et al (2019)], steels [Tyagi et al(2022), Kumar et al (2021), Ebrahimpour et al (2021)], have been computed through the Taguchi method [Bozkurt and Çakır (2021), Fatmahardi et al (2021), Neystani et al (2019), Tyagi et al(2022), Kumar et al (2021)] and RSM [Raheem, (2021), Ebrahimpour et al (2021)]. But such processes generally involve high mathematical complexity among operating parameters and possible experimental noise.…”