“…Although studies, dating back from almost four decades (Straus & Gelles, 1986; Straus et al, 1980) to now (Cunradi et al, 2013; Schafer et al, 2004), have found that Black men perpetrate IPV at higher rates when compared to their White counterparts and other racial or ethnic groups, these findings are not universal. Notably, several factors have been found to act as stressors (Caetano et al, 2005) and thereby increases the risk for IPV perpetration by Black men including but not limited to poverty; low income; high rates of unemployment, lower educational attainment (Capaldi et al, 2012; Valandra et al, 2019); heightened experiences of racial discrimination (Reed et al, 2010), historical trauma (Valandra et al, 2019); marginalization and lack of advancement (Hampton et al, 2003); mental health challenges (Maldonado et al, 2022); and disproportionately high rates of incarceration (Oliver & Hairston, 2008).…”