The reported prevalence of psychiatric illness among adults with intellectual disability (ID) varies widely between  and %; however, many methodological problems exist. The aims of the present study were to establish the prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among adults with ID who live in the community, in order to compare the overall rate and types of psychiatric illness between the population with ID and the general population without ID, and to establish the risk factors associated with psychiatric illness in adults with ID. The study was done in two stages. In the first part, a trained psychiatrist interviewed  randomly selected adults with ID and their carers using the Mini Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for adults with Developmental Disability (Mini PAS-ADD) to screen for psychiatric caseness. Out of these  adults,  had sufficient communicative abilities that made the administration of Mini PAS-ADD Correspondence: Dr Shoumitro Deb, Division of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF XN, UK (e-mail: Deb@Cardiff.ac.uk). possible. A second trained psychiatrist interviewed  out of the  adults who were diagnosed as psychiatric cases according to the initial Mini PAS-ADD interview. This psychiatrist interviewed patients and their carers in line with the full PAS-ADD interview. The second psychiatrist was blind to the initial diagnoses made according to the Mini PAS-ADD questionnaire. A final psychiatric diagnosis was made according to International Classification of Diseases - th Revision (ICD-) criteria. Some .% (% confidence interval = .-.%) of the cohort had a psychiatric diagnosis according to ICD- criteria: .% had schizophrenia, .% depressive disorder, .% generalized anxiety disorder, .% phobic disorder and % delusional disorder. The overall rate of functional psychiatric illness (point prevalence) was similar to that found in the general population (%). However, the rates of schizophrenic illness and phobic disorder were significantly higher in the study cohort compared with those in the general population (.% and .%, respectively). Increasing age and the presence of physical disability were significantly associated with the occurrence of psychiatric illness. Out of the  remaining adults with severe ID, two (%) had a diagnosis of a psychiatric illness (one mania and one anxiety disorder) according to the

Background: Mental health policymaking to support the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) largely has been directed toward clinicians. However, implementation is known to be dependent upon a broader ecology of service delivery. Hence, focusing exclusively on individual clinicians as targets of implementation is unlikely to result in sustainable and widespread implementation of EBPs.

Despite the difficulty of defining behaviour disorder, most previous studies have reported a high rate of behaviour disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). The aim of the present study was to establish the overall rate and types of behaviour disorders in a population-based sample of adults with ID. The other aim was to explore the possible risk factors that are associated with the overall rate as well as different types of behaviour disorders. One hundred and one adults with ID aged between  and  years were randomly selected from a sample of  such adults, i.e. those who were known to the Vale of Glamorgan Social Services Department in South Wales, UK. Thirteen behaviour disorders were rated according to the Disability Assessment Schedule. Background data on subjects were also collected, and were subsequently analysed to assess the relationship between different risk factors and behaviour disorders. Sixty-one subjects (.%) had at least one behaviour disorder of any severity or frequency. Twenty-three per cent of subjects showed aggression, % self-injurious behaviour, % temper tantrum, % overactivity, % screaming, % attention-seeking behaviour, % objectionable habits, % night-time disturbance and % of subjects showed destructiveness. Statistically significant associations were seen between the rate of overall behaviour disorder and the use of psychotropic medication, and between family and group home residence. The rate of aggression was significantly associated with the use of psychotropic medication. The rate of self-injurious behaviour was significantly associated with the severity of ID, female gender and poor communication abilities. The rate of temper tantrum was significantly associated with the use of psychotropic medication. Twenty-four subjects showed severe or frequent aggression, destructiveness, self-injury or temper tantrum, and  individuals showed real challenging behaviours. Severe behaviour problems were significantly associated with female gender, severity of ID, the presence of a history of epilepsy and attendance at day activities.

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We examined the role of acculturation, familism and Latina mother-daughter relations in suicide attempts by comparing 65 adolescents with recent suicide attempts and their mothers to 75 teens without any attempts and their mothers. Attempters and non-attempters were similar in acculturation and familistic attitudes but attempters report significantly less mutuality and communication with their mothers than non-attempters. Mothers of attempters reported lower mutuality and communication with their daughters than mothers of non-attempters. Small increments in mutuality decreased the probability of a suicide attempt by 57%. Acculturation and familism do not appear to play major roles in suicide attempts but relational factors may. Instituting school-based psychoeducational groups for young Latinas, particularly in middle school, and their parents, separately and jointly, and focusing on raising effective communication and mutuality between parents and adolescent daughters are important primary prevention strategies. KeywordsLatina/Hispanic adolescents; acculturation; suicide attempts; familism; mother-daughter relations Acculturation among Latino 1 youth has garnered considerable attention in the behavioral and social science literature. Research has associated acculturation with both positive and negative behavioral outcomes (Brayr, Getz, & McQueen, 2003;Ebin, Sneed, Morisky, Rotheram-Borus, Magnusson, & Malotte, 2001;Samaniego & Gonzalez, 1999;Smokowski & Bacallao, 2007). Among Latino youth, symptoms of depression have been directly associated with bicultural stress, particularly with lower levels of acculturation (Mikolajczyk, Bredehorst, Khelaifat, Maier, & Maxwell, 2007;Romero, Carvajal, Volle, & Orduña, 2007). Hovey and King (1996) assert that a quarter of immigrant and second-generation Latino adolescents report levels of depression and suicidal ideation that are positively correlated with acculturative stress.In families, acculturation discrepancies between adolescents Latinos and their parents are well documented (Fuligni, 2004;Phinney & Vedder, 2006). It has long been found that acculturation differences generate conflicts between adolescents and their parents, usually arising from a higher, more rapid acculturation among children and slower, lower acculturation by parents (Smokowski & Bacallao, 2007). Thus, for instance, substance abuse (Martinez, 2006), conduct disorder (Bird, Canino, Loeber, Duarte, Shrout, Davies, & Shen, 2007), dating violence Correspondence should be sent to Luis H. Zayas, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899. E-mail to E-mail: lzayas@wustl.edu. 1 We use the terms "Latino" and "Hispanic" interchangeably in this paper (see Lopez & Minushkin, 2008, p. iv, for Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, D.C. usage). NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Prim Prev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 December 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript (Hokoda, Galvan, Malcarne, Castañed...