An Exploration of High-Risk Leisure Consumption Through Skydiving

RETRACTED: Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety

“…Nearly half of our participants (46.5%) reported performing a ritual in a specific anxiety-inducing situation, suggesting that enacting rituals is a relatively common response to high-anxiety situations, consistent with prior research (Celsi et al, 1993). In line with our assertion that rituals may have benefits not just for people with trait anxiety but also in situations that provoke state anxiety, performing a ritual seems to be a strategy that many people use before high-anxiety performances.…”

“…Malinowski noticed that the islanders performed elaborate rituals when traveling in unpredictable and dangerous ocean conditions but not when traveling in shallow, calm waters, and concluded that the islanders used rituals as a way to reduce the tension associated with uncertainty and with the unknown. Indeed, across cultures and throughout history, rituals have often accompanied stressful transitions, such as deaths, births, weddings, and graduations, as well as stressful performance situations such as public speaking and sports (Celsi, Rose, & Leigh, 1993;Cohn, Rotella, & Lloyd, 1990;Kirschenbaum, Ordman, Tomarken, & Holtzbauer, 1982;Lobmeyer & Wasserman, 1986;Moore, 1986;Norton & Gino, 2014;Orlick, 1986;Wrisberg & Pein, 1992). For example, Lang, Krátký , Shaver, Jerotijević , and Xygalatas (2015) used motion-capture technology to quantify speakers' hand movements when asked to speak in public, finding that feelings of anxiety increased the repetitiveness and rigidity of hand movements -which are considered signs of ritualistic behavior.…”

How Can Consumer Research Contribute to Increased Understanding of Tourist Experiences? A Conceptual Review

“…Findings about narrative identities (Ahuvia, 2005), experiences as identity expressions (Belk, 1988), significance of meanings with emphasis on the symbolic sphere of products and the dynamic process of consumption (Celsi et al, 1993) are examples of conceptual elements that extend the entrance to the understanding of the tourist as consuming experiences. The introduction of the "clan" perspective, and consumers' belonging and identification within the "clan", offers a complementation to the analysis of the home environment.…”

“…Thus, consumer transformation and the dynamics of experiences are highlighted (Gaviria & Bluemelhuber, 2010). Celsi et al (1993), studying skydiving, argue that high-risk identity is developed through reciprocal dynamic processes in which risks are normalized and motives are escalated.…”

Building Relationships of Brand Community in Higher Education: A Strategic Framework for University Advancement

“…Less stressful, but perhaps more exciting, a visit to a fall football game fi nds students cheering in unison for their university ' s team with an expectation that their collective effort will have an impact upon the game ' s outcome. These types of experiences, like those provided by marketers in industry (cf., Arnould and Price, 1993 ;Celsi et al ., 1993 ;Holt, 1995 ;McAlexander and Schouten, 1998 ), provide opportunities for building the university brand community in synergistic ways. Next we examine empirically the viability of the brand community construct in the academic setting and its relationship to behaviors commonly associated with brand loyalty.…”