An explanation of the decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, with illustrations

Tottman, D. R.; Makepeace, R. J.; Broad, H. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1979.tb06534.x

Cited by 344 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The plants were grown at controlled temperature and watered every day to ensure a uniform water supply in all the pots. All the plants were under continuous observation to note the exact dates of the following plant growth stages: first node detectable (DEV31), booting (DEV49), inflorescence emergence (DEV59), 10 days after flowering (DAF10) and 20 days after flowering (DAF20), based on the scale of Tottman and Makepeace (1979). Four plants of each variety, which reached the aforementioned stages of plant development, were moved into the phytotron heat stress chamber (Conviron PGV-36).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stress response of wheat cultivars with different ecological adaptation

Bányai

Karsaï

Balla

et al. 2014

Cereal Research Communications

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In the present study, heat treatment was carried out in five different phenological phases, from the first node detectable (DEV31) growth stage to 20 days after flowering, on four wheat genotypes with very different adaptation strategies. They were grown in a controlled environment in a phytotron chamber and exposed to a night temperature of 20ºC and a day temperature of either 30ºC, at DEV31, or 35ºC at all the later developmental phases, for an interval of 14 days. Plant height, leaf number, number of tillers, grain number and grain weight per main and side spikes, TKW per main and side spikes, length of the main and side spikes, and spikelet number per main and side spikes were recorded. High temperature enhanced the stem growth intensity, plant height and tiller number. In contrast, the length of side spikes, spikelet no./side spike, grain no./main and side spike, grain weight/main and side spike and TKW/main and side spike were significantly decreased. The stress response depended strongly on the developmental phase in which the heat stress was applied. Fleischmann 481 and Soissons showed definitely contrasting tendencies both in grain number and grain weight. In the case of the Plainsman V and Mv Magma pair, the higher heat stress tolerance of Magma compared to Plainsman V was evident also from the grain number and weight of the main spike at each developmental phase.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stress response of wheat cultivars with different ecological adaptation

Bányai

Karsaï

Balla

et al. 2014

Cereal Research Communications

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“…The maximum photosynthetic photon flux density increased from 280 to 400 µmol *m -2 *s -1 . To examine the effects of drought in the same stage of grain-filling, water was withheld for seven days starting from the 10th day after the heading of each genotype (Zadoks 59, or 49 in the case of barley [20]). Mv Regiment, which headed earliest, received water stress at 20°C, while all the rest of the genotypes were stressed at 22°C maximum daily temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought tolerance in cereals in terms of water retention, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities

et al. 2011

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Experiments were carried out on three bread wheat varieties, one barley and one durum wheat variety grown in pots in the phytotron and subjected to water withdrawal for 7 days during grain-filling. Leaf water loss, net assimilation rate and transpiration showed marked differences, allowing the genotypes to be ranked. Although the most resistant variety had the highest activity for ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), which did not rise further in response to drought and the most susceptible variety had the lowest values, which increased to the greatest extent under drought, the level of sensitivity could not be predicted for all the genotypes from the enzyme activity values alone. The largest increases were recorded for the APX, CAT and GR activities. In most genotypes the GR activity was correlated with that of GST, CAT and APX. Changes in the enzyme activities were observed after a decline in transpiration and photosynthesis. The range of soil moisture values over which the antioxidant enzyme activity levels remained relatively unchanged was a better indication of tolerance to drought than either basic or stress-induced activity levels.

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“…Experiments began on the 18th of September, 1987, when wheat and oats were in the 2-3 leaf stage (stages 12, 13, and 21 according to decimal scale of Tottman & Makepeace, 1979) and continued for 3 weeks until 4-5 leaves had unfolded and 2-3 tillers had formed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal changes in the egglaying behaviour of the Hessian fly

Harris

Rose

1989

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Responses of mated female Hessian flies were investigated by analysing the behaviour of individual flies in wheat and oats. The behavioural repertoire of such females included: flying, alighting on leaves, arching of the body so that the tip of the abdomen touched the leaf surface, antennation, movements of the tip of the abdomen across the leaf at right angles to leaf veins, sitting with the ovipositor straight but still extended, and sitting with the ovipositor telescoped into the body. After alighting, females on wheat showed a higher frequency of transitions from arching to antennation and a lower frequency of transitions from arching to abdomen straight than females on oats. During the first 5 min of observations, individuals released into arenas with wheat arched and antennated 2-3 times more frequently than females re!eased into oats. Time allotted to behaviours also differed; during the first 5 min, female; in wheat spent 50 percent more time arching, whereas females in oats spent 50 percent more time sitting. Females in wheat also stayed longer and laid 4 times more eggs than females in oats. Temporal changes in egglaying were monitored by quantifying hourly rates of egglaying in no-choice assays for several hours following mating at 9:00 am. During the first and second hours post-mating, egglaying occurred infrequently. However, during the third hour post-mating (11:00 am to noon) females on wheat laid 5 times more eggs than females on oats. Rates of egglaying decreased on wheat but increased on oats during the fourth hour, and then during the fifth hour, decreased on both wheat and oats. Changes in egglaying responses were also evident when behaviours of individual females were measured 1-3 h vs. 3-7 h post-mating. Females deprived of host plants and released into wheat or oats later in the day showed higher frequencies of arching and antennation and laid more eggs before leaving the arena.

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An explanation of the decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, with illustrations

Abstract: SUMMARY The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals devised by Zadoks, Chang & Konzak (1974) is reproduced here with expanded definitions of some of the descriptive phrases and stylised drawings of selected stages of wheat, barley and oat plants.

Cited by 344 publications

References 3 publications

Heat stress response of wheat cultivars with different ecological adaptation

Heat stress response of wheat cultivars with different ecological adaptation

Drought tolerance in cereals in terms of water retention, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities

Temporal changes in the egglaying behaviour of the Hessian fly

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