An experimental study on the placement of reference electrodes in alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Paradox phenomena of proton exchange membrane fuel cells operating under dead-end anode mode

“…Two spatially separated REs (one located at the anode side and the other at the cathode side) were used to independently record the potentials of anode and cathode under real-time fuel cell operation conditions. The details of the placement of the REs were as previously reported [16].…”

Reference and counter electrode positions affect electrochemical characterization of bioanodes in different bioelectrochemical systems

“…The electrochemical characterization of thin solid electrolyte fuel cells, for example, showed that results were RE position dependent and prone to errors (Fiaud et al, 1987;Hsieh et al, 1997;Piela et al, 2007;Winkler et al, 1998;Zeng et al, 2010). When the RE is placed in a region of nonuniform current density, the RE can possibly sample a range of equipotential surfaces, resulting in the discrepancies in the measurements (Hsieh et al, 1997).…”

Alkaline ionomer with tuneable water uptakes for electrochemical energy technologies

“…The PVBTMACl polymers that were thermally treated on the electrodes themselves at 190°C for 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, and 40 min, and after subsequent conversion to the hydroxide forms, were used as the anionomer in fuel cell electrodes. The potentials 45 of the anode (Va) and cathode (Vc) were recorded vs. REa (reference electrode located in the anode area) and vs. REc (reference electrode located in the cathode area) respectively according to our previous study 8 (refer to ESI Scheme S1) and presented in Figure 3. Inset (a) of Figure 3 shows the polarization 50 (V vs. i) and the power density curves, which were recorded simultaneously to the measurement of the anode potentials and inset (b) shows the internal ohmic resistances of the fabricated membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs).…”