“…In childhood, high-frequency words, such as function words, are very likely to be stuttered (Bloodstein, 1960;Bernstein, 1981). In adults, when frequency is controlled for, nouns tend to be stuttered less in conversational speech than other content words, such as verbs and modifiers (Quarrington, Conway, & Siegel, 1962). The phonological shape of words does not appear to exert systematic effects on stutter frequency across age groups, languages or ostensibly vulnerable subpopulations of people who stutter, such as children with developmental articulation errors (see summary in Bernstein Ratner, 2005, but also an opposing viewpoint voiced by Howell & Dworzynski, 2005).…”