An experimental study for using nano-alumina to improving mechanical properties of epoxy resin for assembling glass artifacts

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to assess the efficacy of nano-alumina (nano-Al2O3) in improving the performance of epoxy adhesives used to assemble archaeological glass. The conservators face a significant problem in assembling this type of artifact. Therefore, the assembling process is considered one of the important stages that must be taken care of to preserve these artifacts from damage and loss. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the stability of adhesives, the samples were subjected to artificial aging under varying environmental conditions. Some investigative techniques and mechanical testing were used in this study to evaluate the selected materials. It includes a transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, visual assessment, digital microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), color change and tensile strength test. Findings The visual evaluation and the digital microscope results showed that the epoxy/nano-Al2O3 greatly resisted artificial aging. Although slight yellowing was present, it did not significantly affect the general appearance of the samples. On the other hand, the pure epoxy sample showed cracks of different sizes on its surface due to aging, as evidenced by SEM examination. Furthermore, epoxy/nano-Al2O3 has a better tensile strength (11.27 MPa) and slight color change (ΔE = 2.06). Originality/value The main objective of the experimental study was to identify appropriate adhesive materials that possess key properties such as non-yellowing and improved tensile strength by conducting various tests and evaluations. Ultimately, the goal was to identify materials that could serve as effective adhesives for assembling the archaeological glass.

Evaluation of Cleaning Soiled Deposits and Crusts from Archaeological Glass Using Laser Treatment with Ag/Au Nanoparticles

“…The obtained results in the (CIE L*a*b*) standard color system were used to measure the color change. The following equation was used to compute the total color change (E*) on a similar spot of a similar sample both before and after cleaning [55]. ΔE=�(𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 * ) 2 + (𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 * ) 2 + (𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 * ) 2 The color can be described numerically in three dimensions (L* a* b*): (L*) defines lightness with a maximum value of 100 for white and a minimum of 0 for black, represents the coordinates of green (negative) and red (positive) values, and (b*) denotes the color coordinates of blue (negative) and yellow (positive).…”

Multi-Analytical Techniques for the Archaeometry Study of the Stained Glass Window From the Royal Palace at Edfena, Egypt

“…Digital microscopy is regarded as one of the most important techniques available to restorers, and its images aid in assessing the aspects of deteriorated objects [31]. It is observed that the surface of the transparent glass bearing the paint layers is full of air bubbles (Fig.…”

“…In cases where mechanical methods are insufficient, chemical cleaning solutions and solvents such as acetone and alcohol can be employed [58,59]. Next, broken pieces are carefully assembled using Kemapoxy 101 SF with 3% nano-Al 2 O 3 [31]. Afterward, any missing parts are completed, and thermal color treatments are applied.…”

Preparation of Highly Crystalline Nano Ca(OH)2 and Its Comparative Assessment with Commonly Used Materials for the Protection of Wall Paintings

“…However, they have been proved to be less compatible with the main wall and deteriorate faster than the wall itself, potentially causing harm to the wall paintings. [8][9][10][11][12][13] In contrast, inorganic materials are becoming increasingly popular due to their excellent compatibility and durability, [14][15][16][17] in which Ca(OH) 2 has gained the most concern. Compared with the larger micron Ca(OH) 2 particles, nanoscale Ca(OH) 2 has better permeability, larger specific surface area, and high reactivity with carbon dioxide, which can ensure the rapid carbonation of Ca(OH) 2 and obtain a higher degree of carbonation, so as to realize the effective reinforcement of cultural relics.…”