An experimental investigation of hypervigilance for threat in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder

Dalgleish, Tim; Moradi, Ali; Taghavi, Reza; Doost, Hamid Taher Neshat; Yule, William

doi:10.1017/s0033291701003567

Cited by 161 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…These attentional biases appear to indicate that abused children are vigilant to threat in the environment, a key symptom of PTSD, although the bias may be more specific to social than physical threats. For example, children with PTSD showed attentional biases specific to social-threat words and not to physical-threat words compared with nonabused youth (Dalgleish et al, 2001). …”

Section: Posttraumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Humphreys

Zeanah

2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

184

176

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Current frameworks for understanding the link between early adverse childhood experiences and later negative life outcomes, including psychopathology, focus on the mediating negative impact on brain and biological systems in the developing child resulting broadly from stress and trauma. Although this approach is useful, we argue that the framework could be functionally extended by distinguishing the effects of two different types of abnormal input, both deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood. Specifically, we review the consequences of inadequate input (eg, neglect/ deprivation) and harmful input (eg, abuse/trauma) on brain and biological development. We then review evidence on the differential links between each type of abnormal input to four selected domains of psychopathology (indiscriminate social behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct problems), and consider potential mechanisms for inadequate and harmful input to lead to these outcomes. We conclude that the careful consideration of the type of deviation from the expected environment, while acknowledging the practical difficulties in assessing this, is likely to lead to clearer understanding of the mechanism of risk for psychopathology, and that tailored approaches to prevention and intervention may be informed by considering the unique consequences of inadequate and harmful input when experienced in early childhood.

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Section: Posttraumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Humphreys

Zeanah

2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

184

176

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“…In particular, through advances in cognitive neuroscience, experimental paradigms have been developed that differentiate, at a behavioral or physiologic level, adult patients with PTSD from various control groups, including healthy subjects or subjects exposed to trauma who are free of PTSD symptoms (Williams et al, 1996;Grillon and Morgan, 1999;Grillon, 2002;Dalgleish et al, 2001). Through advances in fMRI, similar paradigms have been used to engage specific brain regions, such as components of the medial PFC, that are involved in stress regulation among rodents and nonhuman primates (Pine, 2003).…”

Section: Developmental Psychobiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma, Proximity, and Developmental Psychopathology: The Effects of War and Terrorism on Children

Pine

Costello

Masten

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

134

121

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This report summarizes recent literature relevant to the effects of terrorism on children's mental health. The paper addresses three aspects of this topic. In the first section of the paper, data are reviewed concerning the relationships among stress, trauma, and developmental psychopathology. A particular emphasis is placed on associations with indirect forms of trauma, given that terrorism involves high levels of indirect trauma. Second, the paper delineates a set of key principles to be considered when considering ways in which the effects of terrorism on children's mental health can be minimized. Third, data are reviewed from studies in developmental psychobiology. These data are designed to illustrate the mechanisms through which children exhibit unique effects in the wake of traumatic circumstances.

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“…Hypervigilance for threat, a characteristic sequel of trauma and symptom of PTSD (Dalgleish et al, 2001;American Psychiatric Association, 2013) has been proposed be a causative mechanism underpinning at least some AVH (Dodgson and Gordon, 2009;Garwood et al, 2015). This offers a route through which current concerns may generate content that is related to previous traumatic events, but which is not a direct memory of things heard.…”

Section: Beyond Memory: Hypervigilancementioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased integrity of the fronto-temporal fibers of the left inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia

Oestreich

McCarthy-Jones

Whitford

2015

Brain Imaging and Behavior

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Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH: 'hearing voices') are found in both schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we first demonstrate that AVH in these two diagnoses share a qualitatively similar phenomenology. We then show that the presence of AVH in schizophrenia is often associated with earlier exposure to traumatic/emotionally overwhelming events, as it is by definition in PTSD. We next argue that the content of AVH relates to earlier traumatic events in a similar way in both PTSD and schizophrenia, most commonly having direct or indirect thematic links to emotionally overwhelming events, rather than being direct re-experiencing. We then propose, following cognitive models of PTSD, that the reconstructive nature of memory may be able to account for the nature of these associations between trauma and AVH content, as may threat-hypervigilance and the individual's personal goals. We conclude that a notable subset of people diagnosed with schizophrenia with AVH are having phenomenologically and aetiologically identical experiences to PTSD patients who hear voices. As such we propose that the iron curtain between AVH in PTSD (often termed 'dissociative AVH') and AVH in schizophrenia (so-called 'psychotic AVH') needs to be torn down, as these are often the same experience. One implication of this is that these trauma-related AVH require a common trans-diagnostic treatment strategy. Whilst antipsychotics are already increasingly being used to treat AVH in PTSD, we argue for the centrality of trauma-based interventions for trauma-based AVH in both PTSD and in people diagnosed with schizophrenia.

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An experimental investigation of hypervigilance for threat in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder

Abstract: The results of the study are interpreted as a consolidation and extension of previous research on attentional bias and emotional disorder in younger participants.

Cited by 161 publications

References 25 publications

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Deviations from the Expectable Environment in Early Childhood and Emerging Psychopathology

Trauma, Proximity, and Developmental Psychopathology: The Effects of War and Terrorism on Children

Decreased integrity of the fronto-temporal fibers of the left inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia

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