An Experimental Comparison of the Emissions Characteristics of Standard Jet A-1 and Synthetic Fuels

About the emissions of alternative jet fuels

“…For example, when conducting engine tests or burner experiments, it is a wellknown fact that measurements performed with air-blast atomizers are relatively more sensitive to the properties of the liquid fuel compared to commonly used pressure atomizers. Thus, any small differences in fuel properties may lead to significant differences in their atomization characteristics [70]. A better atomization implies a more homogenous mixture, leading to a more complete combustion and a higher temperature; both are affecting the fuel's emissions.…”

“…For comparison, the emission pattern of crude-oil kerosene was measured also. In addition, further parameters such as humidity and temperature, as well as physical properties such as viscosity or sauter mean diameter were also part of the studies [70], but not in all of them. Similar, thrust, as well as combustor pressure was varied, to get further insights into the effect on emissions.…”

“…Testing the Alfa-BIRD fuels, Zarzalis et al [70] measured higher CO levels with an increase in equivalence ratio attributed to the acceleration of the dissociation process of CO 2 to CO. They noticed that the naphthenic blend emits the highest levels of CO, with FSJF emits the lowest CO emissions.…”

“…In addition, it is important to have accurate knowledge on ambient humidity and temperature when evaluating the differences in NO x emissions between different fuels [12,70,72].…”

“…For the Alfa-BIRD fuels, differences in the NO x formation behavior were measured, with CtL having lower [56,62]. 429.9 ppm CO 2 background subtracted values than Jet A-1, and GtL having the highest values, respectively [70]. This behavior was attributed to their different degrees of mixing with air in the combustor.…”