In this study, we present a fuel-flexible dual-fuel combustor to simultaneously burn methane and/or straight glycerol without preheating either glycerol or air by utilizing a novel flow-blurring (FB) liquid fuel injector. Product gas temperature, NO X and CO emissions at multiple locations inside the combustor are measured to quantitatively assess the flame structure, related to liquid atomization, droplet evaporation, and fuel-air mixing in the near field. For fixed total heat release rate, the impact of fuel mix on combustion performance is investigated by varying the methane gas and glycerol flow rates. For the same fuel mix, air to liquid mass ratio effect is evaluated by varying the atomizing air flow rate. Pure glycerol flame is also investigated to demonstrate the fuel flexibility and ease of switching between gas and liquid fuels in the present system. Results show that the methane combustion can assist glycerol vaporization to results in its rapid oxidation. In spite of the differences in the flame structure, profiles of product gas temperature and emissions at the combustor exit reveal that complete and mainly lean premixed combustion with low emissions is achieved for all of the test cases indicating excellent fuel flexibility of the present combustor using the FB injector.
The cytoprotective messenger nitric oxide (NO) and cytotoxic peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) are the main components of oxidative stress and can be generated by endothelial cells. A tandem of electrochemical nanosensors (diameter 200 -300 nm) were used to measure, in situ, the balance between NO and ONOO − produced by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC's). The amperometric nanosensors were placed 5 ± 2 µm from the surface of the endothelial cells and the concentration of NO and ONOO − was measured at 630 mV and −300 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) respectively. Normal, functional, endothelial cells produced maximal 450 ± 25 nmol·L . The [NO]/[ONOO − ] ratio decreased to 0.23 ± 0.14 in the dysfunctional endothelium. Electrochemical nanosensors can be effectively used for in situ monitoring of changing levels of nitroxidative/ oxidative stress, and may be useful in early medical diagnosis of the cardiovascular system.
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