An experiment in the control of malaria and bilharziasis

Alves, William; Blair, D. M.

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(53)90052-2

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In the Bushu Reserve in Zimbabwe, parasite rates in children aged 1–3 years declined from 72% in 1948 to 30% in 1950 following residual spraying, and further to 4.7% in 1952 (Figure 1). The same general pattern was shown by other surveys where control measures had been introduced (Alves & Blair 1953). Similarly, in the Mazoe Valley when a residual spraying programme with DDT was introduced for the first time in 1945 as part of a pilot project, malarial cases declined from 100 in 1946 to two in 1950 at a hospital situated in a sprayed area compared with 62 in 1946 and 68 in 1950 at an adjacent hospital in an unsprayed area (Blair 1951).…”

Section: Impact Of Indoor Residual Sprayingsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…In Zimbabwe, Alves and Blair (1953, 1955), Harwin (1969, 1979), and Taylor and Mutambu (1986) give a historical account of malarial control efforts in that country from the mid‐1940s to the mid‐1980s. Some information is also contained in a number of unpublished reports from the Blair Research Institute in Harare, Zimbabwe.…”

Section: Selected Countries and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pre‐control spleen and parasite rates from random surveys carried out in selected areas in South Africa (Wilson et al. 1950), Swaziland, Botswana (Mastbaum 1944), Namibia (de Meillon 1951), (Mastbaum 1957a), Zimbabwe (Alves & Blair 1953) and southern Mozambique (Martins 1941) were highest in young children and there was a decline in infection with increasing age indicative of a fairly stable transmission (Table 1). The geographical distribution of malaria was also more extensive, and most countries experienced severe epidemics.…”

Section: Malarial Situation Before Control With Indoor Residual Sprayingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Zimbabwe, indoor house‐spraying pilot projects with DDT began as far back as 1945. A large‐scale house‐spraying programme was initiated in 1949 (Alves & Blair 1953, 1955). Spraying operations were later extended to other parts of the country as part of a ‘barrier’ spraying programme to prevent epidemics and to limit the spread to malaria‐free areas.…”

Section: Implementation Of Indoor Residual Spraying Programmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house‐spraying

Mabaso

Sharp

Lengeler

2004

Tropical Med Int Health

303

280

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Summary Indoor residual house‐spraying (IRS) mainly with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was the principal method by which malaria was eradicated or greatly reduced in many countries in the world between the 1940s and 1960s. In sub‐Saharan Africa early malarial eradication pilot projects also showed that malaria is highly responsive to vector control by IRS but transmission could not be interrupted in the endemic tropical and lowland areas. As a result IRS was not taken to scale in most endemic areas of the continent with the exception of southern Africa and some island countries such as Reunion, Mayotte, Zanzibar, Cape Verde and Sao Tome. In southern Africa large‐scale malarial control operations based on IRS with DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC) were initiated in a number of countries to varying degrees. The objective of this review was to investigate the malarial situation before and after the introduction of indoor residual insecticide spraying in South Africa, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique using historical malarial data and related information collected from National Malaria Control Programmes, national archives and libraries, as well as academic institutions in the respective countries. Immediately after the inception of IRS with insecticides, dramatic reductions in malaria and its vectors were recorded. Countries that developed National Malaria Control Programmes during this phase and had built up human and organizational resources made significant advances towards malarial control. Malaria was reduced from hyper‐ to meso‐endemicity and from meso‐ to hypo‐endemicity and in certain instances to complete eradication. Data are presented on the effectiveness of IRS as a malarial control tool in six southern African countries. Recent trends in and challenges to malarial control in the region are also discussed.

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Section: Impact Of Indoor Residual Sprayingsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Selected Countries and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Malarial Situation Before Control With Indoor Residual Sprayingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implementation Of Indoor Residual Spraying Programmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house‐spraying

Mabaso

Sharp

Lengeler

2004

Tropical Med Int Health

303

280

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…() also showed that B. truncatus was positively associated with macrophytes. The link between snails and aquatic plant species occurs because the plants serve as sources of shelter, protection and surfaces for oviposition, as well as sources of snail food after decomposing for weeks and months in water (Alves & Blair ). Studies by Arora and Mehra () indicated that Eichhornia supported more diverse rotifer fauna, some of which can be foods for snails, than did Salvinia .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of schistosomiasis host snails in lake and land habitats of western Kenya

et al. 2013

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Intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis were surveyed in this study to determine their abundance and distribution in the lake and land aquatic habitats of Lake Victoria basin of Kenya. Several sites were sampled at eight locations, both in the lake and on the land. The habitat and/or vegetation type (i.e. open water, hippo grass, hyacinth, ambatch trees, other vegetation, stream, swamp, pond, dam) of the sampled aquatic sites within the locations were also differentiated, water physicochemical parameters were determined, and the abundance of different species or taxa of phytoplankton and zooplankton were enumerated and correlated with the abundance of schistosomiasis snails in the sites. The results indicated significantly more Biomphalaria sudanica snails than Bulinus africanus snails in different physical habitats on land (Student's t-test, P < 0.05), as well as in different locations on land (Student's t-test, P = 0.026). Regression analyses revealed that several physicochemical parameters, including dissolved oxygen (R 2 = À0.659; n = 8; P = 0.014), pH (R 2 = 0.728; n = 8; P = 0.007) and turbulence (R 2 = À0.616; n = 8; P = 0.02), were predictive of Biomphalaria spp. abundance, while pH (R 2 = 0.610; n = 8; P = 0.02) and turbulence (R 2 = À0.578; n = 8; P = 0.028) were predictive of Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations in the lake. Cyanobacteria (R 2 = 0.638; n = 8; P = 0.02) and chlorophyceae (R 2 = À0.50; n = 8; P = 0.05) were shown to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. and Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations in the lake. Zooplankton abundance varied significantly between different locations in the lake (One-way ANOVA, P < 0.001). Bosmina spp. were found to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. (R 2 = À0.627; n = 8; P = 0.01) and Bulinus spp. (R 2 = À0.50; n = 8; P = 0.05) in different locations in the lake. The results from this study will help inform policy regarding control measures for schistosomias and intermediate snail hosts in Lake Victoria waters, as well as in adjacent terrestrial aquatic habitats and even beyond.

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Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria

Pluess

Tanser

Lengeler

et al. 2010

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

396

352

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Historical and programme documentation has clearly established the impact of IRS. However, the number of high-quality trials are too few to quantify the size of effect in different transmission settings. The evidence from randomized comparisons of IRS versus no IRS confirms that IRS reduces malaria incidence in unstable malaria settings, but randomized trial data from stable malaria settings is very limited. Some limited data suggest that ITN give better protection than IRS in unstable areas, but more trials are needed to compare the effects of ITNs with IRS, as well as to quantify their combined effects.

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An experiment in the control of malaria and bilharziasis

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house‐spraying

Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house‐spraying

Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of schistosomiasis host snails in lake and land habitats of western Kenya

Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria

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