Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house‐spraying

Mabaso, Musawenkosi; Sharp, Brian; Lengeler, Christian

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01263.x

Cited by 298 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Imported malaria cases carry parasites, including resistant strains, even when asymptomatic (16). Illustrative examples of such issues include Zimbabwe, which had interrupted transmission in the 1960s but now has stable endemic transmission once again (17)(18)(19), and Vietnam, which achieved great successes against malaria during the GMEP, but saw these gains lost during the 1980s (1). In both instances, the combination of weaker malaria control and rapid invasion of malaria from imported cases rolled back significant gains against the disease.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

International population movements and regional Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

Tatem

Smith

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

153

163

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Calls for the eradication of malaria require the development of global and regional strategies based on a strong and consistent evidence base. Evidence from the previous global malaria eradication program and more recent transborder control campaigns have shown the importance of accounting for human movement in introducing infections to areas targeted for elimination. Here, census-based migration data were analyzed with network analysis tools, Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission maps, and global population databases to map globally communities of countries linked by relatively high levels of infection movements. The likely principal sources and destinations of imported cases in each region were also mapped. Results indicate that certain groups of countries, such as those in West Africa and central Asia are much more strongly connected by relatively high levels of population and infection movement than others. In contrast, countries such as Ethiopia and Myanmar display significantly greater isolation in terms of likely infection movements in and out. The mapping here of both communities of countries linked by likely higher levels of infection movement, and "natural" migration boundaries that display reduced movement of people and infections between regions has practical utility. These maps can inform the design of malaria elimination strategies by identifying regional communities of countries afforded protection from recolonization by surrounding regions of reduced migration. For more isolated countries, a nationally focused control or elimination program is likely to stand a better chance of success than those receiving high levels of visitors and migrants from high-transmission regions.eradication | migration | network analysis | imported malaria | community detection

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

International population movements and regional Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

Tatem

Smith

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

153

163

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“…The introduction of IRS has reportedly led to the spectacular reduction of malaria in South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, and it continues to protect .13 million people. 52,53 Changes in disease prevalence largely followed patterns of increasing ITN and LLIN coverage, and this appears to be the most important intervention across Africa, accounting for an estimated 68% (range 62%-72%) decline in P. falciparum rate recorded in 2015. 24 Malaria deaths are declining with the massive scaling up of control measures, of which ITNs are a major component reducing deaths in children and providing personal protection to the user.…”

Section: Strategies For Malaria Control Eradication and Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria: Control, Elimination, and Eradication

Ojurongbe

Akindele²,

Adedokun³

et al. 2016

Human Parasitic Diseases

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Control, elimination, and eradication of malaria is one of the world's greatest public health challenges, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. While there has been an impressive gain in malaria control with decreased mortality rate over the years, eradication and elimination seem to be elusive in Sub-Saharan Africa. Control and elimination of malarial parasites was previously achieved in Europe and America using insecticides and manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics. The emergence of drug-resistant parasites coupled with environments that support the breeding of mosquito vector and the need for caution with insecticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, has slowed down control efforts, making elimination and eradication an uphill task in Sub-Saharan Africa. The expectation of producing an effective vaccine has been on for .40 years, but the recent breakthrough announcement of a malaria vaccine showing some level of protection among infants and children 3-4 years post vaccination seems like an excellent starting point. The globally accepted strategy for the control of malaria rely on chemotherapy, but unfortunately the overreliance on chemotherapy without proper control of drug usage and diagnosis has encouraged the selection of drug-resistant parasites, significantly contributing to the problem. Therefore, the prospects of malaria eradication rest heavily on integrated approaches that would include chemotherapy, vector control, manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics, and vaccination. This article reviews the current state of malaria control and elimination and the need for an multistrategic integrated approach in order to achieve malaria eradication if the challenges faced by elimination are addressed.

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“…They remain as the mainstay in most of the vector control programmes and are commonly applied against adult insects through indoor residual sprays, fumigants, space sprays and treated bed nets. Insecticides are highly effective when optimally implemented (8,9), nevertheless the compounding factors such as inadequate resources and operational capability (10), insecticide resistance (11), and the use of adulterated or poor-quality insecticides (12), may all combine to reduce their efficiency.…”

Section: Vector Control: a Friend In Need To Save Livesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Disease with Special Reference to Mosquitoes: A Potential Threat to Global Public Health

Karunamoorthi

Sabesan

2013

Health Scope

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Context: Arthropod-borne diseases are remaining as a major public health issue in the resource-constrained settings. Mosquitoes are closely associated with mankind since time immemorial and play an important role in the transmission of many dreadful diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue and yellow fever. Over the decades, vector control is an important element to minimize the vector-borne disease burden worldwide and in fact, it heavily relies upon synthetic insecticides as a mainstay. However the overuse and misuse of insecticides have led to the emergence of resistance, which undermines the potentiality of vector control. Evidence Acquisition: In order to pursue effective research pertained to this issue, a detailed search on Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar and academic premier databases has been conducted between the time periods of 1955 and 2012. Results: Over the past six decades, insecticides are serving as one of the important arsenals in the fight against vector-borne diseases to save hundreds of millions of lives. Consequently, in the last decade we have attained a remarkable success to combat with many diseases particularly malaria due to the combined effect of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Currently, malaria mortality rates have drastically fallen by more than 25% globally, 33% in sub-Saharan Africa and over a million lives have been saved attributable to massive scale-up of LLINs and IRS. Since, both LLINs and IRS are cost-effective and robust form of interventions; they are serving as a central pillar in the National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) of malaria endemic countries. Nevertheless, LLINs are easy-to-deliver, most economical and practical even in the resource-poor settings, where implementation of IRS is not feasible. The heavy reliance, recurrent and inappropriate insecticide applications are key sources for resistance which is a potential threat to the global public health. Therefore, it has to be addressed immediately to sustain the recent success of vector control, unless otherwise it would become uncertain. Conclusions: Though, development of resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon, it can be tackled judiciously by implementing appropriate and comprehensive resistance monitoring and management strategies within the framework of integrated vector management. This scrutiny recommends the following measures; (i) identification of effective novel tools for monitoring and evaluation, (ii) searching for alternative interventions to minimize the further resistance evolution as well as to preserve the efficiency of existing insecticides, (iii) exploration of next generation vector control tools in terms of nets and new classes of non-pyrethroid insecticide formulation with new mode of action, (iv) building partnership by bringing together the people actively engaged in the vector control, like public health experts, policy-makers, researchers, medical entomologists and insecticide manufacturers, could ideally pave the ...

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Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house‐spraying

Cited by 298 publications

References 8 publications

International population movements and regional Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

International population movements and regional Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies

Malaria: Control, Elimination, and Eradication

Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Disease with Special Reference to Mosquitoes: A Potential Threat to Global Public Health

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