An examination of biorefining processes, catalysts and challenges

Hayes, Daniel J.

doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2008.04.017

Cited by 303 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Among them, alkyl levulinate and γ-valerolactone are important levulinic acid derivatives (Zhang et al, 2012). For instance, the low toxicity, high lubricity, flash point stability and moderate flow properties under low temperature conditions make levulinate esters suitable additives for gasoline and diesel fuels (Hayes, 2009). Thus, ethyl levulinate (EL) is used as an oxygenated diesel additive, with up to 20% content in the diesel formulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the properties of LA esters are similar to biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), but they do not have their principal drawbacks of cold flow properties and gum formation (Hayes, 2009). Besides fuel additives, other applications of levulinate esters include their use as flavoring compounds and fragrances, solvents and plasticizers, among others (Corma et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion of levulinic acid into chemicals: Synthesis of biomass derived levulinate esters over Zr-containing MOFs

Cirujano

Corma

Xamena

2015

Chemical Engineering Science

238

134

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Zr-containing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) formed by terephthalate and 2-aminoterephthalate ligands (UiO-66-NH 2 ) are active and stable catalysts for the acid catalyzed esterification of levulinic acid with EtOH, n-BuOH and long-chain biomass derived alcohols, with activities comparable (in some cases superior) to other solid acid catalysts previously reported. The effect of functional group substitution at the ligand benzene ring, alcohol chain length, particle size and contents of defects on the catalytic activity of the MOFs are studied in detail. In UiO-66-NH 2 , a dual acid-base activation mechanism is proposed, in which levulinic acid is activated on Zr sites and the alcohol at the amino groups of the ligand. Large variations of the catalytic activity from batch to batch suggest that the active sites are located at defect positions associated to ligand deficiency of the solid. Particle size seems to have a minor impact only in UiO-66-NH 2 , in which diffusion of levulinic acid is somehow hindered due to the amino groups present in the linkers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of levulinic acid into chemicals: Synthesis of biomass derived levulinate esters over Zr-containing MOFs

Cirujano

Corma

Xamena

2015

Chemical Engineering Science

238

134

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“…For example, many proponents of biorefineries suggest that renewable resources can be used to make platform chemicals as well as chemical building blocks based on enzyme and heterogeneous catalysis. 44 To evaluate the alternative technologies for a given case, detailed process models will be required. The use of life cycle analysis to aid the decision-making process is another example where detailed mass balances will be required.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Outlook For Process/kinetic Model Appmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of modeling and simulation tools for the evaluation of biocatalytic processes: A future perspective

Sin

Woodley

Gernaey

2009

Biotechnology Progress

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Modeling and simulation techniques have for some time been an important feature of biocatalysis research, often applied as a complement to experimental studies. In this short review, we report on the state-of-the-art process and kinetic modeling for biocatalysis with the aim of identifying future research needs. We have particularly focused on four aspects of modeling: (i) the model purpose, (ii) the process model boundary, (iii) the model structure, and (iv) the model identification procedure. First, one finds that most of the existing models describe biocatalyst behavior in terms of enzyme selectivity, mechanism, and reaction kinetics. More recently, work has focused on extending these models to obtain process flowsheet descriptions. Second, biocatalysis models remain at a relatively low level of complexity compared with the trends observed in other engineering disciplines. Hence, there is certainly room for additional development, i.e., detailed mixing and hydrodynamics, more process units (e.g., biorefinery). Third, biocatalysis models have been only partially subjected to formal statistical analysis. In particular, uncertainty analysis is needed to ascertain reliability of the predictions of the process model, which is necessary to make sound engineering decisions (e.g., the optimal process flowsheet, control strategy, etc). In summary, for modeling studies to be more mature and successful, one needs to introduce Good Modeling Practice and that asks for (i) a standardized and systematic guideline for model development, (ii) formal identifiability analysis, and (iii) uncertainty analysis. This will advance the utility of models in biocatalysis for more rigorous application within process design, optimization, and control strategy evaluation. V

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“…One attractive option is the conversion of biomass to ethyl levulinate, a value-added chemical with numerous potential applications either in the flavoring and fragrance industry or as an additive for transportation fuels (Hayes 2009;Joshi et al 2011;Wang et al 2012). Additionally, ethyl levulinate is the preferred substrate for conversion into other viable biofuels, such as γ-valerolactone (Maldonado et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by Solid Acid in Ethanol

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2014

BioRes

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A green and efficient process was developed for the conversion of biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate using eco-friendly solid acid catalysts (zeolites and sulfated oxides) in ethanol. Studies for optimizing the reaction conditions such as the substrate concentration, the reaction time, the temperature, and the catalyst loading dosage were performed. With SO 4 2− /TiO 2 as the catalyst, a high ethyl levulinate yield of 74.6 mol% was achieved using a catalyst load of 5 wt% at 398 K for 2.0 h. The catalyst recovered through calcination was found to maintain good catalytic activity (47.8 mol%) after three cycles, and it was easily reactivated by re-soaking in H 2 SO 4 solution. Catalyst characterization was based on BET surface area, NH 3 -TPD, and elemental analysis techniques.

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An examination of biorefining processes, catalysts and challenges

Cited by 303 publications

References 123 publications

Conversion of levulinic acid into chemicals: Synthesis of biomass derived levulinate esters over Zr-containing MOFs

Conversion of levulinic acid into chemicals: Synthesis of biomass derived levulinate esters over Zr-containing MOFs

Application of modeling and simulation tools for the evaluation of biocatalytic processes: A future perspective

Conversion of Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by Solid Acid in Ethanol

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