An exact finite element technique for layered beams

Geometrically nonlinear analysis of hybrid beam–column with several encased steel profiles in partial interaction

“…During the past decades, several finite element formulations for two-layered beams have been proposed, see for instance [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][23][24][25]. It has been found that curvature locking phenomenon occur in low order Bernoulli displacement-based finite element models particularly for short element with stiff shear connector.…”

“…The development of formulation is based on the extension of previous works on the behavior of composite beam with interlayer slip. Most of the work on composite beam with partial interaction is restricted to the case of two layers (see for among others [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]) and multi-layered beams have received less attention. Ranzi [19] proposed two types of displacement-based elements to evaluate locking problems in partial interaction of multi-layered beams based on Euler-Bernoulli kinematics.…”

Large displacement analysis of shear deformable composite beams with interlayer slips

“…In their paper, a closedform solution is provided for a simply supported elastic composite beams. Since then, this model was extensively used by many authors to formulate analytical models for the static response of linear elastic [11][12][13][14][15]4,16] as well as linear-viscoelastic [17][18][19][20][21] continuous composite beams with arbitrary support and loading conditions. A key extension of Newmark's model has been proposed in [31][32][33][34] by considering more general kinematic assumptions where relative transverse displacement (uplift) is permitted.…”

New Steel‐timber Composite Beam, Nordic System

“…In this paper, the theoretical background for the design of the Nordic system is presented. The theory is based on the classical elastic theory of layered beams [33][34][35]. The composite beam has two "layers", or "faces": i) the WQ-beam and ii) the effective parts of the CLT slabs.…”