Large displacement analysis of shear deformable composite beams with interlayer slips

Composite beam generally connected: Analytical model

“…According to assumption 3, the interlayer exhibits shear strain only; this shear strain, which is constant along the interlayer's thickness, is denoted by . Thus, t can be expressed as a function of ; this function is the constitutive law of the connecting interlayer [22,26,28,30,32,46,59,60,70]. The interlayer shear strain  can be expressed, in turn, as a function of the parameters s and  which define the displacement field of the composite beam ( Fig.…”

“…The cohesive elements, which are often governed by a strengthbased initiation criterion followed by a fracture mechanics criterion for crack propagation, guarantee numerical accuracy as long as their free parameters are calibrated accurately, which may be difficult [60][61][62]. The solid elements, which have to model an interlayer whose thickness and stiffness may be extremely different from those of the layers, suffer from numerical sensitivity to mesh size and require very refined and complex meshes, which often render their use impractical outside of research environments [25,41,46,48,50,51,59]. Those problems are particularly acute when the behavior is non-linear.…”

Geometrically nonlinear analysis of hybrid beam–column with several encased steel profiles in partial interaction

“…During the past decades, several finite element formulations for two-layered beams have been proposed, see for instance [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][23][24][25]. It has been found that curvature locking phenomenon occur in low order Bernoulli displacement-based finite element models particularly for short element with stiff shear connector.…”

“…Ranzi et al [22] have proposed a fully nonlinear kinematical model for planar composite beams including longitudinal partial interaction as well as vertical uplift. The co-rotational framework approach was considered by Battini et al [23] and Hjiaj et al [24] for the development of shear rigid [23] and shear deformable [24] beam-column element using the exact local elastic stiffness matrix. Sousa et al [25] developed a materially nonlinear displacement-based finite element model based on a total Lagrangian description considering large displacements, small strains and moderate rotations.…”

Large-deflection and postbuckling of beam-columns with non-linear semi-rigid connections including shear and axial effects

“…Hjiaj et al, [4] developed a non-linear finite element formulation for the large-displacement analysis of sheardeformable two-layer beams. In this formulation, interlayer slip was allowed and transverse shear deformation of each layer was incorporated.…”