An evidence based efficacy and safety assessment of the ethnobiologicals against poisonous and non-poisonous bites used by the tribals of three westernmost districts of West Bengal, India: Anti-phospholipase A2 and genotoxic effects

Abstract

Introduction To explore the ethnobiological wisdom of the tribals of three western districts of West Bengal, India against poisonous and non-poisonous bites and stings, a quantitative approach was adopted. These age-old yet unexplored knowledge can be utilized in finding lead-molecules against poisonous and non-poisonous animal-bites. Further, an evidence-based approach is needed to assess the venom-neutralization ability of plants by experimental studies. Materials and methods During 2008–2009 and 2012–2017, 11 ethnomedicinal surveys were carried out to explore the use of medicinal flora and fauna via conducting open semi-structured interviews with 47 traditional healers (THs) or informants. The retrieved dataset was statistically evaluated using seven quantitative-indexes: use-value (UV), informants'-consensus-factor (ICF), fidelity-level (FL), relative-importance (RI), cultural importance-index (CI), index of agreement on remedies (IAR) and cultural agreement-index (CAI). Anti-phospholipaseA2 (PLA2) properties of selected plant extracts were also examined. In addition, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the water extract of the plants showing high FL as well as significant PLA2 inhibitory potential were investigated using Allium cepa root tip assay. Results A total of 41 traditional-formulations (TFs) containing 40 plant species (of 39 genera from 28 families) and 3 animal species were prescribed by the THs. Fabaceae exhibited most number of medicinal plants. Piper nigrum (1.78) and Apis cerana indica and Crossopriza lyoni (both 0.21) exhibited the highest UV among the plants and the animals respectively. Stinging of centipede and dog/cat/hyena bite displayed highest ICF (1.00 each). Among the plants, the maximum RI (0.91) and CI (4.98) values were observed for Aristolochia indica. IAR (1.00) was recorded maximum for Achyranthes aspera, Gloriosa superba, Lycopodium cernuum, Smilax zeylanica and Streblus asper. Maximum CAI value was noted for Piper nigrum (5.5096). Among the animals, Apis cerana indica (0.31) and Crossopriza lyoni (1.52) displayed the highest RI and CI values respectively. Crossopriza lyoni (0.99) and Apis cerana indica (1.3871) exhibited maximum IAR and CAI values respectively. Plants showing higher FL exhibited higher anti-PLA2 activity via selective inhibition of human-group PLA2. In addition, Allium cepa root tip assay has indicated the safety and/or toxicity of the plant parts prescribed by the THs. Root water extracts of Aristolochia indica and Gloriosa superba exhibited significant genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Conclusions Three western districts of West Bengal is the natural abode for many tribal and non-tribal communities. A noteworthy correlation was established between the plants used against poisonous-bites and their anti-PLA2 activity. A few plant parts used by the THs also exhibited high toxicity. Such alternative medical practices serve as the only option in these underprivileged and backward areas during medical-exigencies.

A Contemporary Exploration of Traditional Indian Snake Envenomation Therapies

“…Neurotoxins from Bungarus caeruleus, Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis, Naja naja and Oxyuranus microlepidotus venoms depicted a high affinity for binding with phytochemical compounds from Rauvolfia serpentina when tested in silico via molecular docking studies [96]. Whole plant [69,[97][98][99][100] Roots [17,86,88,[101][102][103][104][105] Aqueous ethanolic extract of Aristolochia indica inhibited various enzymes from Naja naja venom when tested in vitro [74].…”

“…Fruits [193,194] Fruits ˆ [118] Fruits, Seeds [190,195] Seeds [30,105] None Roots [196][197][198][199] Leaves [200] None Ranunculaceae Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser.…”

“…Of the 66 plant species identified from traditional literature, 17 have modern evidence indicating the neutralization of various snake venom components. Aristolochia indica precedes with most references [17,69,74,86,88,[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110] in both traditional and modern literature. In Marathi, it is known as Saapsund.…”

Forecasting standardized precipitation index using data intelligence models: regional investigation of Bangladesh

“…This has made the forecasting of droughts using conventional statistical methods more challenging. Most recently, the applications of machine learning (ML) models have exhibited outstanding progress on modeling drought indices and climatology 42 , 43 . Several versions of ML models have been developed for SPI forecasting including artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), extreme learning machine (ELM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), M5 Tree (M5T), random forest (RF), linear genetic programming (LGP), least-square support vector regression (LSSVR), extremely randomized tree (ERT), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), wavelet preprocessing integrated ML models and bio-inspired hybrid ML models 38 , 44 – 51 .…”