A Contemporary Exploration of Traditional Indian Snake Envenomation Therapies

Adwait, Deshpande; Sastry, K Venkata; Bhise, SB

doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7060108

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…It has been used in traditional medicine for over two thousand years and is still used in many parts of the world today. The Ayurveda recommends using the paste made from croton seeds, which is then combined with a little lime juice and used as a collyrium in certain instances of snakebite 59 .…”

Section: Croton Tigliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom Vanquish: A Comprehensive Review on Ethnobotany and Phytochemistry of Significant Traditional Medicinal Plants

T. Dhanya,

Kavinila,

David Paul Raj

2024

JNR

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Snakebite is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in regions where venomous snakes are prevalent. Snakebites can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, and the location of the bite. Globally, an estimated 5 million people are affected by snake bites each year, according to recent statistics. Since ancient times, traditional medicinal plants have been used to cure a wide range of illnesses, including snake bites. Secondary metabolites contained in plants were efficient in reducing the effects of snake venom. Snake venom is a potent toxin that can cause severe damage to the human body, affecting the nervous system, cardiovascular system, or both. Symptoms can range from mild swelling to life-threatening paralysis, respiratory failure, and hemorrhage. Enzyme activity is inhibited by flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, which additionally hinder blood from clotting and lessen inflammation. Treatments for snake bites that are more beneficial and less hazardous could result from the isolation and synthesis of natural drugs. With the use of cutting-edge scientific methods, we can maximize their potential and use their secondary metabolites to develop novel medications and therapies. The study of these plants and their potential uses in contemporary medicine requires more funding and investigation. This will advance our knowledge of these plants and help us create cures for some of the most lethal diseases.

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Section: Croton Tigliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom Vanquish: A Comprehensive Review on Ethnobotany and Phytochemistry of Significant Traditional Medicinal Plants

T. Dhanya,

Kavinila,

David Paul Raj

2024

JNR

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“…Traditional Unani medicine originated in Greece, was improved upon by Arab experts, and eventually travelled to India during the Middle Ages. The foundation of unani theory is the idea that a harmony of humours is necessary for maintaining health (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) [12].…”

Section: Unanimentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2022

International Journal of Emerging Research in Engineering, Science, and Management

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Medicines are substances that are used to treat, identify, and prevent disease and illness. The ancient civilization of India fostered the growth of numerous medical systems. India offers both the allopathic medical system and the traditional Indian medical system. In addition to one type of allopathy, India has five distinct traditional medicinal systems in use: Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy, and Naturopathy. In developing countries, traditional medicine is becoming increasingly popular, especially in rural areas. Ayurveda, which translates as "the science of life," is a holistic medical strategy that emphasizes keeping one's body, mind, and spirit in good shape. The three doshas (constitutional types) are the basis of ayurvedic doctrine, and the patient's constitution is more heavily considered during diagnosis and treatment. Astrology and incantation are also used in Siddha medicine. Tamil Nadu, India's most southern state, uses it the most commonly. In addition to mineral or metallic medications, adjuvants (like honey, ghee, milk, betel leaf juice, and hot water) are frequently administered. Clean air, food, water, physical movement and rest, psychological movement and rest, sleep and alertness, and the retention of beneficial materials and outflow of waste materials from the body are the six elements of illness prevention and health promotion. With origins in the Reformation, homoeopathy in Germany enjoyed a golden age in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1995, the Department of Homeopathy and Indian Systems of Medicine was established. One of the objectives of the organization is to develop standards for Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, and homoeopathic medicines. Folk knowledge about the traditional application of herbal remedies is very prevalent in ethnic cultures. People become physically and psychologically weaker when they don't take their medication, which makes them more susceptible to contracting new ailments. In addition to allopathy, India has five additional traditional medical systems. Among these are Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy, and Naturopathy.

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“…Other medicinal plants used as anti-cobra venom: Different studies have been performed on Pakistan and Indian medicinal plants against cobra snakebites, but the cobra of species Naja Naja is the most common [ 18 , 19 ]. Other studies showed that the ethanolic bark extract of Buchanania lanzan significantly neutralized venom Naja naja cobra venom with about 50% of hemolysis [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of Toona ciliata M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils

et al. 2023

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There are high mortality and morbidity rates from poisonous snakebites globally. Many medicinal plants are locally used for snakebite treatment in Uganda. This study aimed to determine the in vitro anti-venom activities of aqueous extract and oils of Toona ciliata against Naja melanoleuca venom. A mixture of venom and extract was administered intramuscularly in rats. Anticoagulant, antiphospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibition assay, and gel electrophoresis for anti-venom activities of oils were done. The chemical constituents of the oils of ciliata were identified using Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS). The LD50 of the venom was 0.168 ± 0.21 µg/g. The venom and aqueous extract mixture (1.25 µg/g and 3.5 mg/g) did not cause any rat mortality, while the control with venom only (1.25 µg/g) caused death in 1 h. The aqueous extract of T. ciliata inhibited the anticoagulation activity of N. melanoleuca venom from 18.58 min. to 4.83 min and reduced the hemolytic halo diameter from 24 to 22 mm. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis showed that oils completely cleared venom proteins. GC-MS/MS analysis showed that the oils had sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (60%) in the volatile oil (VO) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (48.89%) in the non-volatile oils (NVO). Some major compounds reported for the first time in T. ciliata NVOs were: Rutamarin (52.55%), β-Himachalol (9.53%), Girinimbine (6.68%) and Oprea1 (6.24%). Most compounds in the VO were reported for the first time in T. ciliata, including the major ones Santalene (8.55%) and Himachal-7-ol (6.69%). The result showed that aqueous extract and oils of T. ciliata have anti-venom/procoagulant activities and completely neutralized the venom. We recommend a study on isolation and testing the pure compounds against the same venom.

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A Contemporary Exploration of Traditional Indian Snake Envenomation Therapies

Cited by 4 publications

References 158 publications

Venom Vanquish: A Comprehensive Review on Ethnobotany and Phytochemistry of Significant Traditional Medicinal Plants

Venom Vanquish: A Comprehensive Review on Ethnobotany and Phytochemistry of Significant Traditional Medicinal Plants

Untitled

In Vitro Anti-Venom Potentials of Aqueous Extract and Oils of Toona ciliata M. Roem against Cobra Venom and Chemical Constituents of Oils

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