An Evaluation of Total Flooding High Expansion Foam Fire Suppression Systems for Machinery Space Applications

Back, G. G.; Forssell, Eric W.; Wakelin, Alison J.; Beene, David E; Nash, L

doi:10.1007/s10694-006-8432-6

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The water spray is used for reducing the smoke flow rate to the adjacent space and depleting the oxygen concentration to suppress the fire through indirect interaction, and not by direct interaction. However, if the water spray is discharged from a total flooding system, the smoke layer might disappear and the compartment would reach a well-mixed steady state with the temperature value between 50 and 70°C quickly after the water mist activation [26]. Under this condition, the compartment gas can be considered to have uniform characteristics and the time varying temperature can be employed for the whole compartment.…”

Section: Discussion On Using the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical modeling for compartment fire environment under a solid-cone water spray

Yao

Chow

2006

Applied Mathematical Modelling

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A mathematical model was developed for simulating the fire environment of a compartment under the action of a solidcone water spray such as those discharged from a water mist fire suppression system. A smoke layer was induced by a fire in the compartment. The solid-cone water spray was discharged to act on the smoke layer, but not on the burning object. Under this condition of having a stable smoke layer, the compartment was divided into three regions. Region 1 is the upper hot smoke layer, Region 2 is the lower cool air layer and Region 3 is the solid-cone spray. The effects on the smoke layer development due to spray-induced flow were considered on the basis of mass, momentum and heat conservation. Water droplets of the solid-cone spray were divided into four typical classes based on the droplet distribution function.The parameters including the smoke layer interface height, smoke temperature and air temperature, smoke flow rate through the opening and oxygen concentration in the air layer were investigated under various heat release rates, water application rates and volume mean diameters of the solid-cone spray. Effective hot gas entrainment and water vapor production suggested that the water spray should contain a variety of droplet size. In this way, a compartment fire can be controlled effectively through indirect interaction such as oxygen concentration depletion.

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Section: Discussion On Using the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical modeling for compartment fire environment under a solid-cone water spray

Yao

Chow

2006

Applied Mathematical Modelling

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“…A large number of diffusion flames and deep-seated fires would extinguish if the ambient oxygen concentration stands below 13-15 % and 8 % respectively, as stated by Back III et al [14]. The vapor amount in saturated air at temperature above 353 K is sufficient to dilute oxygen concentration below the limit value for most fuels.…”

Section: Heat Transfer and Suppression Mecha-nismsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Fire Control and Suppression by Water-Mist Systems

Santangelo¹,

Tartarini²

2010

TOTHERJ

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Abstract:The present work is an attempt to offer a comprehensive review of literature contributions, phenomenology and relevant results on water-mist systems. In particular, the water mist characterization and behavior in the field of fire control and suppression have been identified as the main areas of investigation. Some key parameters have been analyzed to gain a quantitative evaluation of the physical phenomena related to water-mist systems.The water-mist fire suppression systems are an excellent alternative to halon fire protection systems, and they are now being used in many areas, including marine and industrial applications. Therefore, a wide survey of the complete number of literature works on this topic would exceed the full length of the present paper and only some examples of important contributions will be mentioned here. This paper proposes an introductory list of relevant literature works and this reference survey is then deepened with work and result details on suppression mechanisms, spray characterizations and experimental and numerical approaches. The final summary stresses out that a lot of experimental and numerical research and much application experience are still needed to gain better knowledge on water-mist systems, even if they already seem to be very promising in terms of efficiency and potentialities in fire control and suppression.

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“…Several organizations, including The U.S. Navy [1] and The U.S. Coast Guard [2], are interested in the use of aqueous high-expansion foam (HiEx) to protect large volume, mission critical spaces such as hangar bays, well decks, vehicle stowage and magazine areas, and machinery spaces. High-expansion foam can quickly fill a room and get water to fire threats in amounts sufficient to extinguish the fires but substantially less than amounts typically delivered by deluge sprinkler water systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Cup Burner Apparatus for Fire Suppression Evaluation of High-Expansion Foams

Fleming

Sheinson

2010

Fire Technol

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We developed a bench-scale high-expansion aqueous foam generator and integrated it into a traditional cup burner apparatus. Foam expansion ratios ranging from 50:1 to 590:1 could be achieved using air flow rates from 16 l/min to 38 l/min and liquid foam solution flow rates of 50 ml/min to 140 ml/min. The flow rates, foam expansion ratios, and cup burner flame extinction behavior with nitrogen provide a suitable bench-scale platform for controlled, systematic investigations of foam/flame interactions for a range of foam properties. Foams with an expansion ratio of 200:1 contain 81% water by mass. When evaporated completely, this amount of water should be insufficient to extinguish propane flames in oxidizer streams with 60% oxygen based on extinction of these flames by water mist. However, the 200:1 foam easily extinguishes a propane flame even in 100% oxygen.

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An Evaluation of Total Flooding High Expansion Foam Fire Suppression Systems for Machinery Space Applications

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Numerical modeling for compartment fire environment under a solid-cone water spray

Numerical modeling for compartment fire environment under a solid-cone water spray

Fire Control and Suppression by Water-Mist Systems

Development of a Cup Burner Apparatus for Fire Suppression Evaluation of High-Expansion Foams

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