Abstract:In this research, three different techniques for melt impregnation of glass fiber bundles with polyamide 12 are assessed with the aim of creating a high strength and modulus material suitable for extrusion based additive manufacturing. Impregnation quality of three production techniques: “Pultrusion”, “PassivePin”, and “ActivePin” were analyzed using three methods: matrix material mass fraction (Mm) determination, scanning electron microscopy of composite fracture surfaces and optical microscopy of polished co… Show more
“…A more complex prepreg filament manufacturing device was designed by Van de Steene et al [159] using a fibre impregnation technology called "ActivePin", as schematically shown in Fig. 9(a).…”
“…A more complex prepreg filament manufacturing device was designed by Van de Steene et al [159] using a fibre impregnation technology called "ActivePin", as schematically shown in Fig. 9(a).…”
“…Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the fibre/ matrix adhesion of the composites after the flexural test [21]. A FESEM Hitachi H-7000 microscope was used.…”
Section: Morphological Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…SEM was used in order to evaluate the adhesion of the polymers to the fibres after the flexural test [21]. The rupture of the samples on bending tests (Fig.…”
Packaging sector generates 40% of the plastics consumption in Europe. Among the most consumed plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is still the material that undoubtedly continues to grow in the packaging sector. Hence, there is a concern related to the recycling process, which today is only around 56%. Therefore, the objective of this work focuses on the use of this recycled material as a source of raw material for pultrusion processes. This work studies and compares the processability of final composite pultruded parts by using three different pre-impregnated recycled materials different in their viscosity and stream. Those composites were characterized by mechanical testing and microscopy analysis. The obtained results were compared with those of another pultruded thermoplastic (polypropylene) composite. From this study, it was possible to transform a waste into a product with high added value, reducing the carbon footprint.
“…Several methods have been proposed for the inclusion of continuous fiber reinforcement into the printing process. These methods include impregnation of the fibers before entering the printing head, a process also used in currently available commercial systems such as the Markforged MarkTwo [17][18][19][20], impregnation of the fibers after the polymer leaves the printing head [21], and impregnation of the fibers inside the printing head [14,22,23]. Although the printing technique using pre-impregnated fibers shows similarities to better known Automated Tape Laying (ATL) methods for traditional composites, the latter technology is meant for larger parts and requires far more expensive equipment [24].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To achieve the full potential of the novel technique of 3D printing composites, a higher degree of freedom for production parameters is needed than what is typically available from commercial machines that have limited print settings available. For that reason, researchers have proposed modifications to a standard open-source 3D printer [14,23,44]. This open-source design allows for the comparison of structures and printing parameters (e.g., line spacing and layer height) which are not typically available when working with commercially available systems.…”
Recent development in the field of additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has allowed for the incorporation of continuous fiber reinforcement into 3D-printed polymer parts. These fiber reinforcements allow for the improvement of the mechanical properties, but compared to traditionally produced composite materials, the fiber volume fraction often remains low. This study aims to evaluate the in-nozzle impregnation of continuous aramid fiber reinforcement with glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) using a modified, low-cost, tabletop 3D printer. We analyze how dimensional printing parameters such as layer height and line width affect the fiber volume fraction and fiber dispersion in printed composites. By varying these parameters, unidirectional specimens are printed that have an inner structure going from an array-like to a continuous layered-like structure with fiber loading between 20 and 45 vol%. The inner structure was analyzed by optical microscopy and Computed Tomography (µCT), achieving new insights into the structural composition of printed composites. The printed composites show good fiber alignment and the tensile modulus in the fiber direction increased from 2.2 GPa (non-reinforced) to 33 GPa (45 vol%), while the flexural modulus in the fiber direction increased from 1.6 GPa (non-reinforced) to 27 GPa (45 vol%). The continuous 3D reinforced specimens have quality and properties in the range of traditional composite materials produced by hand lay-up techniques, far exceeding the performance of typical bulk 3D-printed polymers. Hence, this technique has potential for the low-cost additive manufacturing of small, intricate parts with substantial mechanical performance, or parts of which only a small number is needed.
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