“…Approaches based on Orton-Gillingham methods begin with direct teaching of individual letters paired with their sounds through a VAKT (i.e., visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile) procedure that involves tracing the letter while saying its name and sound, blending letters together to read words and sentences, and finally reading short stories constructed to contain only taught sounds. Among those approaches based on Orton and Gillingham's work are the Slingerland approach (Lovitt & DeMier, 1984), the Spaulding approach (Spaulding & Spaulding, 1962), Recipe for Reading (Traub, 1977), and Alphabetic Phonics (Ogden, Hindman, & Turner, 1989). There are differences among these approaches, largely in sequencing or materials, but these approaches all have the general characteristics discussed.…”