“…Beyond advancing understanding of the physical origins of charge structure, the development of ACS characterization carries implications for remote sensing and nowcasting of thunderstorms. Lightning data are increasingly utilized for severe storm nowcasting because of intrinsic relationships between lightning, thunderstorm intensity, and production of high‐impact convective phenomena (e.g., Carey et al, 2019; Deierling & Petersen, 2008; Lang & Rutledge, 2002; MacGorman et al, 1989; Reap & MacGorman, 1989; Schultz et al, 2011, 2015; Schultz et al, 2017; Stough et al, 2017; Williams et al, 1999). Anomalous storms are often associated with increased severe weather production, including increased quantities of and/or larger severe hail (e.g., Branick & Doswell III, 1992; Carey & Rutledge, 1998; Curran & Rust, 1992; Gilmore & Wicker, 2002; Lang & Rutledge, 2002; MacGorman & Nielsen, 1991; MacGorman & Burgess, 1994; Reap & MacGorman, 1989; Seimon, 1993; Stolzenburg, 1994).…”