An Epizootiological Report of the Re-emergence and Spread of a Lineage of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus into Eastern Europe

Fuller, Chad M.; Löndt, Brandon Z.; Dimitrov, Kiril M.; Lewis, Nicola S.; Boheemen, Sander van; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Çöven, Fethiye; Goujgoulova, Gabriela V.; Haddas, Ruth; Brown, Ian H.

doi:10.1111/tbed.12455

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Our data indicate that recent Turkish isolates of this study showed some degree of molecular evolution when compared to the earlier isolates [15]. Interestingly, one (waterfowl) of the 5 NDV-F gene sequences (MK210599.1) obtained in this study was slightly different than previously isolated…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

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Identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VIIi in wild birds in Turkey

Turan

Ozsemir

Yilmaz

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) can spread across continents via migratory birds. Hence, we investigated the frequency of NDV in both nonmigratory and birds migrating on the South East European flyway, in Istanbul, Turkey. Birds were trapped using nets placed around the Kucukcekmece lake Avcilar, Istanbul, in spring seasons of 2016 and 2018. In total, 297 birds belonging to 42 different species were trapped, categorised according to species and sex, and oropharyngeal swabs were collected. Swabs from 115 mallards caught by hunters in Edirne and from 207 birds belonging to 31 species which had been treated in the Veterinary Faculty of Istanbul were also collected. Tissue samples were taken from dead wild birds brought by public to Veterinary Faculty of Istanbul. A total of 619 oropharyngeal swabs were pooled into 206 samples. RNA was extracted from the swabs and tissue samples. Real-time RT-PCR prob assay was used to detect NDV-RNA in samples. Results: There was no amplification in real time RT-PCR in samples taken from wild birds caught by traps. However, amplification of NDV-F gene was observed in oropharyngeal swabs taken from 2 waterfowls, and in tissue samples taken from 2 little owls and 1 common kestrel. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of these 5 samples for NDV-F gene showed great similarity with NDV lineage VIIi viruses. One (waterfowl) of the five NDV-F gene sequences obtained in this study was slightly different than previously isolated Turkish NDVs and NDVs from Bulgaria and Georgia. Remaining four NDV-F gene sequences were similar to NDVs that were previously isolated in Turkey, Bulgaria and Georgia. Although the strains found in this study are closely related, there is a relatively small degree of molecular divergence within F gene of the Turkish NDVs and strains from Iran Pakistan, Israel and Belgium. Conclusions: Our findings show that first time in Turkey, genotype VIIi of NDVs is predomiant in wild birds in the Eurasia region and some degree of molecular evolution when compared to the earlier NDV-VIIi isolates in Turkey. Also, NDV viruses prevailing in the migratory birds pose a serious risk to poultry in Turkey and other countries.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…In addition, one (waterfowl) of the 5 NDV-F gene sequences (MK210599.1) obtained in this study was slightly different than previously isolated 6). Turkish NDV viruses detected in this study showed some degree of molecular evolution when compared to the earlier isolates (15).…”

Section: Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 59%

Identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VIIi in wild birds in Turkey

Turan

Ozsemir

Yilmaz

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…VIIi was detected in Turkey in 2012. There was 100% nucleotide homology between two of the isolates from Turkey to published sequences of viruses isolated in Israel in 2011 and Indonesia in 2010 (Fuller et al, 2017). Despite the extensive use of vaccination early after the appearance of ND in Iran since the 1950s, the disease continues to be a major threat to the poultry industry (Sabouri et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of a virulent genotype VIIi of Newcastle disease virus in Iran

et al. 2018

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Newcastle disease (ND) is a contagious viral disease affecting numerous avian species, particularly domestic poultry, and causes devastating outbreaks. In spite of its endemicity and importance in Iran, data on the genetic characterization of ND virus (NDV) are scarce. An alarming issue that has just been raised is the occurrence of ND outbreaks with unexpected high mortality and severe clinical signs. The present study was conducted to characterize the emerging NDV genetically. An NDV strain, isolated in 2017 from commercial broilers showing severe nervous and enteric signs, was completely sequenced and found to be 15,192 nucleotides in length. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus belonged to subgenotype VIIi, a subgenotype with potential panzootic features which has recently emerged in the Middle East and Asia. The supporting genetic pattern obtained from the complete genome, fusion and haemagglutinin gene analysis showed close relationship of the isolate with Pakistani VIIi NDVs. The analysis of the F protein showed a polybasic amino acid motif and a phenylalanine at position 117 at the cleavage site, which is a characteristic of virulent strains. The isolate showed significant differences from the previously characterized NDV strains from commercial and rural chickens in Iran. This may describe the importance of the illegal trade of pet birds from neighbouring countries leading to the emergence of new genotypes. This study introduces a newly emerging NDV VIIi subgenotype in Iran. This investigation emphasizes the necessity of effective control strategies.

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“…Sub-genotype VIIi viruses also caused fatal disease among koklass pheasants (Pucrasia macrolopha) and peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in Pakistan during 2011-2012 with apparent case fatality rates of 80-100% and losses of 50-60% of susceptible birds (Munir et al, 2012b;Shabbir et al, 2012). The detection of sub-genotype VIIi viruses in previously vaccinated poultry, putative recent emergence and relatively rapid eastward spread from Indonesia to Pakistan, Israel and Eastern Europe (Fuller et al, 2015), suggest that viruses of this sub-genotype may have panzootic potential (Miller et al, 2015;Rehmani et al, 2015) 2.9. Class II genotype VIII Few full fusion gene sequences have been reported for viruses of class II genotype VIII.…”

Section: Class II Genotype Viimentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal, geographic, and host distribution of avian paramyxovirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus)

Dimitrov

Ramey

Qiu

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

229

227

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Newcastle disease is caused by virulent forms of avian paramyxovirus of serotype 1 (APMV-1) and has global economic importance. The disease reached panzootic proportions within two decades after first being identified in 1926 in the United Kingdom and Indonesia and still remains endemic in many countries across the world. Here we review information on the host, temporal, and geographic distribution of APMV-1 genetic diversity based on the evolutionary systematics of the complete coding region of the fusion gene. Strains of APMV-1 are phylogenetically separated into two classes (class I and class II) and further classified into genotypes based on genetic differences. Class I viruses are genetically less diverse, generally present in wild waterfowl, and are of low virulence. Class II viruses are genetically and phenotypically more diverse, frequently isolated from poultry with occasional spillovers into wild birds, and exhibit a wider range of virulence. Waterfowl, cormorants, and pigeons are natural reservoirs of all APMV-1 pathotypes, except viscerotropic velogenic viruses for which natural reservoirs have not been identified. Genotypes I and II within class II include isolates of high and low virulence, the latter often being used as vaccines. Viruses of genotypes III and IX that emerged decades ago are now isolated rarely, but may be found in domestic and wild birds in China. Containing only virulent viruses and responsible for the majority of recent outbreaks in poultry and wild birds, viruses from genotypes V, VI, and VII, are highly mobile and have been isolated on different continents. Conversely, virulent viruses of genotypes XI (Madagascar), XIII (mainly Southwest Asia), XVI (North America) and XIV, XVII and XVIII (Africa) appear to have a more limited geographic distribution and have been isolated predominantly from poultry.

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An Epizootiological Report of the Re-emergence and Spread of a Lineage of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus into Eastern Europe

Cited by 35 publications

References 18 publications

Identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VIIi in wild birds in Turkey

Identification of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VIIi in wild birds in Turkey

Emergence of a virulent genotype VIIi of Newcastle disease virus in Iran

Temporal, geographic, and host distribution of avian paramyxovirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus)

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