An epizootic of equine influenza in Upper Egypt in 2000

Transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) in West and Central Africa: Molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in Niger and Senegal, in 2019

“…was identified in Morocco in 1997 and 2004 (Boukharta, Azlmat, Elharrak, & Ennaji, 2015), Tunisia in 1998 (Chabchoub et al, 2001), Egypt in 2000(Abd El-Rahim, Hussein, Gameel, & Al-afaleq, 2004, and Algeria in 2011 (Laabassi et al, 2015). In addition, there are (Kawaoka & Webster, 1989;Rogers, 1988) causing outbreaks in stables throughout the country.…”

Ocular Tropism of Respiratory Viruses

“…While macroscopic ocular signs are generally not common following influenza virus inoculation by the intranasal route in laboratory species, conjunctivitis has been reported following experimental inoculation of dogs and mice with H5N1 virus and of ferrets with H7N3 virus (72,125). Concurrent ocular and respiratory disease has been documented for a diverse range of species infected with influenza virus subtypes not associated with human disease (126)(127)(128), underscoring a need to monitor the incidence of ocular symptoms during viral surveillance. While future studies are needed to identify the particular molecular determinants that confer the ocular tropism observed for viruses within the H7 subtype, these reports demonstrate that the eye and surrounding conjunctiva represent a permissive port of entry for all influenza virus subtypes.…”

Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: Will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic?

“…114 The second outbreak in 2000 was reported from the Nile Delta 117 as well as from Upper Egypt. 118 The most recent and most severe outbreak, this time involving H3N8 was in 2008. 119 The infections spread to several provinces within short time.…”