An Epidemiological Study of Child Health and Nutrition in a Northern Swedish County

Samuelson, Gösta

doi:10.1159/000175306

Cited by 65 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A study of child health and nutrition in Sweden found school lunches provided lower energy intake and were higher in fat content than the recommended Swedish dietary allowances for school lunches (Samuelson, 1971). Richardson, on the other hand, found the fat content of school meals eaten by London secondary schoolchildren to be below the standard.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

School meals and the nutrition of schoolchildren.

Cook¹,

Altman²,

Jacoby³

et al. 1975

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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of Preventive and Social Medicine, 29,[182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189], School meals and the nutrition of schoolchildren.The contribution of school meals to the nutrition of 778 primary and secondary schoolchildren attending schools in Kent was assessed using information collected during a survey made in which included a weighed diet record, a socioeconomic questionnaire, and a medical examination. Younger children, those from larger families, those without fathers, and those whose mothers worked were more likely to take school meals. Significantly more children from lower social classes and without fathers received them free. School meals made an important contribution to the nutrition of schoolchildren. Children who took them had higher weekday lunchtime nutrient intake during term-time. Children in lower social classes, larger families, and without fathers who took school meals obtained a higher proportion of their weekday intake of nutrients from lunchtime than other children. This applied in particular to nutrients important for growth. School meals consumed by children in the study broadly met the standard set by the Department of Education and Science. The mean energy and protein content of school meals consumed in the study was slightly lower and the mean fat content higher than the standard set for the meal. The mean sugar content was about one-third higher than the suggested amount of sugar to be included in a school meal. There was no evidence that children who took school meals were taller, heavier, had greater skinfold thickness, or were more likely to be assessed as obese than other children.During a study of the nutritional status of schoolchildren in Kent from 1968 to 1970 information on school meals consumption, including weighed records of school meals eaten, was collected.The characteristics of the children who took school meals and the contribution made by school meals to their nutrition are described in this paper. An attempt is also made to relate the nutritional standard of school meals eaten by children in this study to that set by the Department of Education and Science (1966). METHODSThe study was carried out by this Department in collaboration with Kent County Council and the Department of Health and Social Security. Altogether 778 children of both sexes aged 8-11 years and 13-15 years attending 93 schools in Kent took part in the study.Information was obtained for children taking part in the study from a one-week weighed diet record, a socioeconomic questionnaire, and a medical examination. A total of 655 children took part in the study during school term and their diet records included school meals served at all periods of the school year.In the questionnaire parents were asked to state what type of lunch the child normally took in term-time and, if they took school meals, whether these were provided free.Each child in the study kept a detailed diet record for one week. All food and drink consumed during that week was weighed using a modified set of letter balance scales. Th...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

School meals and the nutrition of schoolchildren.

Cook¹,

Altman²,

Jacoby³

et al. 1975

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

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“…In a study of the health of children in a northern Swedish county (V~isterbotten) by Samuelson (1971), the mean heights and weights of the 13-year-old schoolchildren born in 1964 (n = 218) can be compared to the corresponding heights and weights of our Stockholm children born in 1963. Our Stockholm children are 1 cm taller and 0.5 kg heavier than the children in the northern part of Sweden.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secular changes in height and weight of Stockholm schoolchildren born in 1933, 1943, 1953 and 1963

Cernerud

Lindgren

1991

Annals of Human Biology

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Secular growth changes of Stockholm schoolchildren born in 1933, 1943, 1953 and 1963 were studied through samples of about 2500 children in each year. Heights and weights at the ages 7, 10 and 13 years were obtained from school health records stored in the Stockholm city archives. The increase in height and weight at these ages was more marked between the children born in 1933 and 1943 than later, except for the girls aged 7, who had no increase in height. The increase in height between the later samples was at age 7 years practically none, at age 10 years about 1 cm/decade and at age 13 years 1-2 cm/decade. The body mass index (BMI) indicated a continuous trend towards a slimmer body build for Stockholm schoolchildren at the age of 7 years. At the ages of 10 and 13 years the BMI remained fairly stable for the cohorts born from 1943 to 1963.

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“…Reactivity is less likely when observations are conducted at school where children are accustomed to being watched while eating (Baxter, Thompson, Litaker, et al, 2003; Simons-Morton & Baranowski, 1991) and where groups may be observed without revealing individuals being observed (Baxter, Thompson, Smith, et al, 2003). In most validation studies in which children provided oral 24hDRs without parental assistance, reference information was obtained by observing one or two school meals (Baranowski et al, 2002; Baxter et al, 2004; Baxter, Smith, Guinn, et al, 2003; Baxter, Thompson, Litaker, Frye, & Guinn, 2002; Baxter, Thompson, Litaker, et al, 2003; Baxter, Thompson, Smith, et al, 2003; Crawford, Obarzanek, Morrison, & Sabry, 1994; Lytle et al, 1993; Lytle, Murray, Perry, & Eldridge, 1998; Samuelson, 1970; Todd & Kretsch, 1986; Weber et al, 2004). …”

Section: Validation Of Dietary Recallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children's dietary recalls from three validation studies: types of intrusion vary with retention interval

Baxter

Hardin

Smith

et al. 2007

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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SUMMARYUsing previously collected data of fourth-grade children observed eating school meals and then interviewed, we categorized intrusions (food items reported but not observed eaten) as stretches (on the child's tray) or confabulations (not on the child's tray). We investigated intrusions, confabulations, and stretches, and the role of liking, at different retention intervals (morning interviews about the previous day's intake; evening interviews about that day's intake) and under different reporting-order prompts (forward; reverse). As retention interval between consumption and report increased, the likelihood 1) increased that reported items were intrusions, that reported items were confabulations, and that intrusions were confabulations; and 2) was constant that reported items were stretches. Results concerning reporting-order prompts were inconclusive. Liking ratings were higher for matches (reports of items observed eaten) than stretches, for confabulations than stretches, and for matches than omissions (unreported items observed eaten), but did not vary by retention interval or reporting-order prompts. Keywords children; dietary recalls; types of intrusion; retention interval; reporting-order prompts Accurate assessment of dietary intake is challenging, especially among children Frank, 1991). It is difficult for parents to accurately report their children's intake (Eck, Klesges, & Hanson, 1989), especially after children begin attending school (Emmons & Hayes, 1973). Thus, it is necessary to obtain dietary-intake information from children themselves.A common method for collecting information about intake is the 24-hour dietary recall (24hDR), for which an interviewer asks a respondent about his or her intake for a 24-hour target period. Although data collection and processing are costly, 24hDRs do not require that respondents be literate, and the procedure is unlikely to alter intake (Buzzard, 1998).Children have provided 24hDRs for national surveys (e.g., Gleason & Suitor, 2001;Moshfegh, Goldman, & Cleveland, 2005) and research studies (e.g., Luepker et al., 1996;Nicklas, Webber, Srinivasan, & Berenson, 1993;Weber et al., 2004). Children's 24hDRs have also been used to evaluate nutrition-education interventions (Contento, Randell, & Basch, 2002), and multiple *Correspondence to: Suzanne Domel Baxter, PhD, RD, FADA, Institute for Families in Society, University of South Carolina, 1600 Hampton Street Suite 507, Columbia, SC 29208; Tel: (803) 777-1824 ext 12; Fax: (803) NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript 24hDRs by children have been used to assess the relative validity of food frequency questionnaires (e.g., Field et al., 1999;Jensen et al., 2004). Validation of dietary recallsIn validation studies, dietary reporting accuracy is assessed by comparing reported information (e.g., 24hDRs) to reference information (e.g., meal observation) (Baxter, Smith, Hardin, & Nichols, 2007). (In relative validation studies, reference information consists of another selfreport m...

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An Epidemiological Study of Child Health and Nutrition in a Northern Swedish County

Cited by 65 publications

References 8 publications

School meals and the nutrition of schoolchildren.

School meals and the nutrition of schoolchildren.

Secular changes in height and weight of Stockholm schoolchildren born in 1933, 1943, 1953 and 1963

Children's dietary recalls from three validation studies: types of intrusion vary with retention interval

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