An Epidemic of Kala-Azar in the Upper Nile Province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Stephenson, Richard W.

doi:10.1080/00034983.1940.11685096

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…VL in South Sudan was first described in a child from Bahr-el-Ghazal in 1904 [2] . Since then, outbreaks have been reported in several different areas, namely Jonglei state in the 1930s and 60s [3] , [4] , the former Blue Nile province in the 50s [5] , and Unity state (formerly Western Upper Nile) in the 80s, until by the 90s it was claimed that almost one-third of the population had been affected between 1984 and 1994 [6] – [8] . In 1994 and in 2002 there were two further outbreaks in northern Jonglei and Eastern Upper Nile states, resulting in 17,000 cases reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreak in South Sudan 2009–2012: Epidemiological Assessment and Impact of a Multisectoral Response

et al. 2014

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreak in South Sudan 2009–2012: Epidemiological Assessment and Impact of a Multisectoral Response

et al. 2014

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“…2000). The disease was first described in Sudan by Neave (1904), and the first epidemics in 1936–38 were reported by Stephenson (1940) in the Upper Nile Province and Fung area (Osman et al. 2000; Zijlstra & El‐Hassan 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the direct agglutination test based on freeze‐dried Leishmania donovani promastigotes for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudanese patients

Abdallah

Nour

Schallig

et al. 2004

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryThe direct agglutination test (DAT) based on freeze-dried (FD) Leishmania donovani antigen was evaluated for the serodiagnosis of kala-azar in a rural setting in eastern Sudan. The performance of the FD-DAT was compared with standard liquid antigen (LQ) by testing serum samples and blood samples collected on filter paper of microscopically and PCR-confirmed VL patients, apparently healthy endemic controls and patients with other relevant infectious diseases for the region. In the present study, the FD-DAT had a sensitivity of 96.8% and a specificity of 96.2%. The LQ-DAT had a sensitivity of 91.0% and a specificity of 96.6%. A high degree of agreement (97.3%; r-value 0.94) was observed between the FD-DAT and the LQ-DAT, as well as between the FD-DAT performed on serum samples and corresponding blood samples collected on filter paper (agreement 97.8%; r-value 0.79). The FD-DAT is very suitable as diagnostic test for kala-azar in remote rural conditions as it is sensitive, specific and stable. The antigen is affordable, reproducible and available, which contributes to the sustainability of the DAT as a diagnostic test for VL.

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“…Many authors mention that it is extremely difficult to find parasites in peripheral blood ( Archibald & Mansour 1937; Henderson 1937; Kirk & Sati 1940a; Stephenson 1940; Van Peenen & Reid 1962). In contrast to some contemporaries ( Balfour 1908), Marshall (1911) found parasites in 13 of 15 (86%) blood samples.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first epidemic was reported in the Upper Nile Province in 1936–38: at least 300 cases occurred with a recorded death rate of 80% ( Stephenson 1940). The second epidemic in the southern Fung area of Blue Nile Province in 1956–60 killed thousands of people ( Sati 1958) and led to the establishment of a research team that between 1960 and 1964 provided clear data on medical and zoological aspects of the vector and reservoir hosts ( Hoogstraal & Heyneman 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: a literature review with emphasis on clinical aspects

Osman

Kager

Oskam

2000

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryThe literature on the leishmaniases in the Sudan is reviewed with an emphasis on clinical aspects and on literature related to the recent outbreaks in the south and east of the country.The numbers of cases of subclinical infection and post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis in the recent outbreaks are remarkable. New diagnostic techniques have been introduced and evaluated, notably the direct agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction technology.The latter gives very promising results and further research into application of the technique is warranted.Treatment with pentavalent antimony is still satisfactory.The reservoir host has not been identified definitely.

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An Epidemic of Kala-Azar in the Upper Nile Province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Cited by 18 publications

References 3 publications

Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreak in South Sudan 2009–2012: Epidemiological Assessment and Impact of a Multisectoral Response

Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreak in South Sudan 2009–2012: Epidemiological Assessment and Impact of a Multisectoral Response

Evaluation of the direct agglutination test based on freeze‐dried Leishmania donovani promastigotes for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudanese patients

Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: a literature review with emphasis on clinical aspects

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