An epidemic of besnoitiosis in goats in Kenya

Bwangamoi, O; Carles, AB; Wandera, JG

doi:10.1136/vr.125.18.461

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The histologic findings in the present study are consistent with those of the natural besnoitiosis. 3,6,27 There have been no previous morphometric studies on cysts and bradyzoites at histologic or ultrastructural levels, although Njenga et al 20 and Oryan and Azizi 24 described fine structural differences between Besnoitia isolated from goats and cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,6 Naturally infected goats exhibiting clinical features of caprine besnoitiosis were culled and euthanized according to National Veterinary Organization ethics rules, and the subcutaneous tissues were collected and stored at 4 C. To minimize surface contamination, tissue samples were individually washed in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum, 1% antibiotic solution (10,000 IU penicillin and 10,000 mg streptomycin per milliliter) and 1% amphotericin B (250 mg/ml). The tissue samples were subsequently cut into 1-to 2-mm 3 pieces, which were placed in new DMEM solution for 10 minutes.…”

Section: Isolation Of Besnoitia Capraementioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 No B caprae cysts have been reported in cattle, sheep, and donkeys grazing alongside infected goats. 3,21,27 Although caprine besnoitiosis has been reported only in wild and domestic goats in Iran 6,27 and in domestic goats in Kenya, 3,4 it is possible that the infection is more widespread. Lack of reports of its presence may be simply due to the unfamiliarity of local veterinarians with the disease and its diagnosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Studies on Experimental Caprine Besnoitiosis

Oryan

Namazi

Silver³

2011

Vet Pathol

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The distribution pattern and associated tissue reactions with progressive changes in Besnoitia caprae cysts were investigated in 6 experimentally infected 16-to 20-month-old male goats. Each goat was subcutaneously inoculated with approximately 13 Â 10 8 B caprae bradyzoites. The animals were examined daily for development of clinical besnoitiosis, and skin biopsies from distal parts of the limbs were taken at weekly intervals. At 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 365 days postinfection (DPI), 1 goat was euthanized. Samples were collected at autopsy from various organs for histologic and ultrastructural studies. No cysts were seen in tissue sections on 15, 30, and 365 DPI, but large numbers were present at 60, 120, and 180 DPI in the skin of the distal limbs, scrotum, and ears, with fewer in the tongue, palate, sclera, testicles, and spermatic cord. No cysts were seen in the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, central nervous system, or lymph nodes. Cyst numbers peaked at 60 DPI, then declined from 120 to 180 DPI. Degenerated cysts were relatively rare at 60 DPI but more numerous at 180 compared with 120. A granulomatous reaction-predominantly characterized by macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells-surrounded each degenerated cyst. All goats showed testicular tubular degeneration with little or no spermatogenic activity. The sizes of cysts and their wall thickness, with the size of bradyzoites and some of their organelles, exhibited progressive chronologic changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isolation Of Besnoitia Capraementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Studies on Experimental Caprine Besnoitiosis

Oryan

Namazi

Silver³

2011

Vet Pathol

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“…Besnoitia caprae, a species of the genus coccidian protozoa, is a causative agent of high morbidity and low mortality in goats (Bwangamoi et al 1989;Oryan and Sadeghi 1997). The disease occurs as an epizootic and is associated with skin damages, orchitis, epididymitis, male infertility, neonatal deaths, and abortion (Bargai et al 1984;Njenga et al 1999a, b;Oryan and Sadeghi 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure and pathology of Besnoitia caprae in the naturally infected goats of Kerman, East of Iran

Oryan

Azizi

2008

Parasitol Res

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A disease with clinical manifestations of thickening and alopecia of the skin over the lower limbs, around the eyes, face, and nose, thickening and shrinkage of the scrotum, and presence of white granular cysts in the sclero-conjunctiva in goats in Kerman Province, were reported to the Pathology Department of Shiraz Veterinary School. Primary histopathological studies demonstrated an outbreak of caprine besnoitiosis in this region. To study the histopathological and ultrastructural features of the disease, samples were collected from various organs of the suspected slaughtered goats for further investigations. In histopathological studies, dermis and subcutaneous fascia covering lower portion of the limbs, skin over frontal sinus, ear tips, scrotum, eye lids as well as the eye's sclera, epididymal and testicular parenchyma, and their tunics were severely infected with Besnoitia cysts. Tongue, pharynx, prepuce and penis, deeper striated muscles, subcutaneous bone matrices, abomasum, esophagus, subcutaneous tendons, and periosteal surfaces of the limb bones showed lower rates of infection. Except the vagina and vestibule, no cyst was observed in other female urogenital organs, the central nervous system, intestines, heart, liver, spleen, and different lymph nodes. The host reaction to the cysts was variable, ranging from the absence of inflammatory cells around intact normal cysts up to infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, and connective tissues around the degenerated cysts. Ultrastructural studies showed this coccidian parasite belonged to eukaryotic protozoa, and the cystic form had the typical feature of the Besnoitia spp. of the apicomplexa. This study showed that the organism demonstrated ultrastructurally minor differences with other Besnoitia species infecting other animal species.

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“…Nevertheless, it has been shown that the Besnoitia of cattle and goats differ in several biological features (Ng'ang'a and Kasigazi 1994;Njenga et al 1993;Oryan and Azizi 2008). Caprine besnoitiosis is endemic in domestic and wild goats of some of the African and Asian countries including Iran and Kenya (Cheema and Toofanian 1979;Bwangamoi et al 1989;Bwangamoi and Njenga 1993;Oryan and Sadeghi 1997;Oryan et al 2008a, b). The prevalence of caprine besnoitiosis in Fars Province, southern Iran has been reported in the range of 12.0-18.9 % (Oryan and Sadeghi 1997;Oryan et al 2008a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of murine model for Besnoitia caprae

2014

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It has been shown that mice, particularly the BALB/c ones, are susceptible to infection by some of the apicomplexan parasites. To compare the susceptibility of the inbred BALB/c, outbred BALB/c and C57 BL/6 to Besnoitia caprae inoculation and to determine LD50, 30 male inbred BALB/c, 30 outbred BALB/c and 30 C57 BL/ 6 mice were assigned into 18 groups of 5 mice. Each group was inoculated intraperitoneally with 12.5 9 10 3 , 25 9 10 3 , 5 9 10 4 , 1 9 10 5 , 2 9 10 5 tachyzoites and a control inoculum of DMEM, respectively. The inbred BALB/c was found the most susceptible strain among the experienced mice strains so the LD50 per inbred BALB/c mouse was calculated as 12.5 9 10 3.6 tachyzoites while the LD50 for the outbred BALB/c and C57 BL/6 was 25 9 10 3.4 and 5 9 10 4 tachyzoites per mouse, respectively. To investigate the impact of different routes of inoculation in the most susceptible mice strain, another seventy five male inbred BALB/c mice were inoculated with 2 9 10 5 tachyzoites of B. caprae via various inoculation routes including: subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, infraorbital and oral. All the mice in the oral and infraorbital groups survived for 60 days, whereas the IM group showed quicker death and more severe pathologic lesions, which was then followed by SC and IP groups. Therefore, BALB/c mouse is a proper laboratory model and IM inoculation is an ideal method in besnoitiosis induction and a candidate in treatment, prevention and testing the efficacy of vaccines for besnoitiosis.

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An epidemic of besnoitiosis in goats in Kenya

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Studies on Experimental Caprine Besnoitiosis

Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Studies on Experimental Caprine Besnoitiosis

Ultrastructure and pathology of Besnoitia caprae in the naturally infected goats of Kerman, East of Iran

Optimization of murine model for Besnoitia caprae

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