Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Studies on Experimental Caprine Besnoitiosis

Oryan, Ahmad; Namazi, Fatemeh; Silver, Ian A.

doi:10.1177/0300985811398248

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the literature, nomenclature regarding the composition of Besnoitia tissue cysts and cysts walls is not consistent. None of the published schemes 13,26,41,42 were fully applicable when looking at B. besnoiti tissue cyst development in this study. Therefore, a new nomenclature that is fully applicable to B. besnoiti tissue cysts is suggested: structures within the host cell are called by their respective name—that is, bradyzoites, parasitophorous vacuole, membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole, host cell cytoplasm including organelles and nuclei, and host cell membrane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis

Langenmayer¹,

Gollnick²,

Majzoub-Altweck³

et al. 2014

Vet Pathol

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The pathogenesis of bovine besnoitiosis, a disease of increasing concern within Europe, is still incompletely understood. In this study, disease progression after natural infection with the causative apicomplexan Besnoitia besnoiti was monitored in histological skin sections of 5 individual female cattle over time. High-frequency skin sampling of 2 cattle with mild and 2 with severe acute, subacute, and chronic besnoitiosis, as well as from 1 animal during subclinical disease, enabled documentation from the beginning of the disease. Skin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Giemsa, periodic acid-Schiff reaction, and anti-Besnoitia immunohistochemistry. In all 4 clinically affected animals, tachyzoite-like endozoites could be detected for the first time by immunohistochemistry, and tissue cyst evolution was monitored. Besnoitiosis-associated lesions were not detected in the animal showing the subclinical course. Because of the inconsistency of the nomenclature of Besnoitia tissue cyst layers in the literature, a new nomenclature for B. besnoiti cyst wall layers is proposed: tissue cysts consist of a hypertrophied host cell with enlarged nuclei, an intracytoplasmic parasitophorous vacuole with bradyzoites, a sometimes vacuolated inner cyst wall, and an outer cyst wall in more developed cysts. Inner and outer cyst walls can be readily distinguished by using special stains. In 1 animal, extracystic B. besnoiti zoites were immunohistochemically detected during the chronic stage. At necropsy, the 2 severely affected cows displayed large numbers of B. besnoiti cysts in a variety of tissues, including the corium of the claws, contributing mainly to the development of chronic laminitis in these 2 cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis

Langenmayer¹,

Gollnick²,

Majzoub-Altweck³

et al. 2014

Vet Pathol

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“…No relevant studies are available regarding Besnoitia infection of rams. Nevertheless, experimental work performed in bucks has indicated that Besnoitia caprae can affect their genital system, with cysts of the protozoon identified in the testicular parenchyma and the scrotum (Oryan et al, 2011). Other clinical studies have indicated that Besnoitia besnoiti can affect the testicular parenchyma and scrotum of bulls (Sekoni et al, 1992;Dubey et al, 2013), leading to reduced libido and suboptimal semen quality, although in subsequent studies the protozoon could not be detected in the semen of affected bulls (Esteban-Gil et al, 2014).…”

Section: Testicular Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep

Fthenakis

Mavrogianni

Gallidis

et al. 2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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This review article summarises the many reports in the literature, confirming that, in sheep, parasitic infections can adversely affect reproductive efficiency; examples, which refer to all parts of the reproductive cycle of sheep, are as follows: trichostrongylosis in ewe-lambs (which can lead to delayed attainment of puberty), myiosis of the prepuce (which can cause impediment of mating), chorioptic mange or trypanosomosis in rams (which can lead to testicular degeneration or azoospermia, respectively), trypanosomosis or sarcoptic mange in pre-conceptual ewes (which can lead to poor conception rates or reduced number of ovulations, respectively), toxoplasmosis or neosporosis in pregnant ewes (which are causes of abortion), trichostrongylosis or trematode infections in lactating ewes (which can cause reduction of milk yield and can be a risk factor for mastitis, respectively), cryptosporidiosis in newborn lambs (which can be a cause of deaths), coccidiosis in growing pre-weaned lambs (which can cause suboptimal growth rate). In other cases, the reproductive status of the animal can influence the parasitic infection; examples are as follows: the increase in faecal parasitic output during the peri-parturient period (as a consequence of the peri-parturient relaxation of immunity), the heavier trichostrongylid infections of twin lambs compared to lambs from single parities (as a consequence of developmental origin issues in twin lambs). All the above examples support the idea of presence of interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep.

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“…According to Njagi et al (1998) , Besnoitia infections are of economic importance, associated with high morbidity and low mortality in their hosts ( Glover et al, 1990 ; Van Heerden et al, 1993 ). The disease affects a wide range of domestic and wildlife host species ( Schulz, 1960 ; Njagi et al, 1998 ), and infections present in three distinct stages: the acute anasarca stage, subacute stage and the chronic scleroderma stages which involves the development of cysts predominantly in the superficial tissues ( Bigalke, 1968 ; Basson et al, 1970 ; Oryan et al, 2011 ; Langenmayer et al, 2015 ). Clinical cases are also characterised by physical features such as the formation of cysts in the connective tissues of the skin, muscles and other organs of their hosts, as well as the thickening of the skin around the eyes, face, nose, scrotum and the limbs ( Njagi et al, 1998 ; Schulz, 1960 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%