An engineered lamellar bone mimicking full-scale hierarchical architecture for bone regeneration

Intelligent Vascularized 3D/4D/5D/6D-Printed Tissue Scaffolds

“…Interestingly, bone tissue also includes many bioactive molecules such as alkaline phosphatase, bone marrow matrix protein-2, collagen, elastin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and osteocalcin. These active molecules play an important role in the regulation of bone resorption, bone formation, bone repair, bone metabolism and bone growth [ 84 , 85 ]. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the main component of bone minerals and is responsible for providing proper structural support [ 86 ].…”

Spatiotemporal Modulated Scaffold for Endogenous Bone Regeneration via Harnessing Sequentially Released Guiding Signals

“…The hydrogels were then immersed in PBS or double enzyme solution (hyaluronidase concentration of 10 unit/mL and collagenase concentration of 10 unit/mL) at 37 °C. At prefixed time intervals (1,2,4,6,12,24,36,48, and 72 h), the weights of the hydrogels were measured (W t ). The hydrogels, after 3 days of swelling, were freeze-dried and weighed (W dry ).…”

“…Conventional approaches to scaffold-based bone regeneration prioritize mineralization capacity, but they often face limitations when dealing with large bone defects. − Excessive mineral deposition can obstruct scaffold pores, hampering blood vessel ingrowth and delaying bone tissue remodeling. To partially address this issue, prevascularization strategies have been employed, such as introducing growth factors or therapeutic ions to promote angiogenesis. , In these attempts, however, the bone repair intrinsically follows an intramembranous ossification (IMO) process, which is less favorable for enhanced bone regeneration compared to the endochondral ossification (ECO) process .…”

A biomimetic mineralized collagen hydrogel containing uniformly distributed and highly abundant dopamine‐modified hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering

“…14 Mineralized collagen fibrils in the hydrogels have a good biomimetic structure and are capable of inducing osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), indicating that mineralized collagen hydrogels are suitable as bone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. 13 Bu et al confirmed that mineralized collagen gels prepared by incubating a mixture containing collagen, calcium ions, phosphate ions, and the anionic electrolyte glutamate at 37 C exhibited a favorable biomimetic structure, with the minerals deposited orderly along the collagen fibrils and distributed uniformly inside and outside the collagen fibrils. 15 The mineralized collagen gels prepared by Liu et al via synchronous self-assembly/mineralization of collagen exhibited non-toxicity to cells, facilitated cell adhesion and proliferation, and promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and their mineral content was about 18%.…”

“…[9][10][11] Different from other hydrogels, mineralized collagen hydrogels consisting of mineralized collagen fibrils are able to effectively mimic the microstructure of bone, and the minerals in the hydrogels are uniformly distributed within collagen fibrils. 12,13 Mineralized collagen hydrogels can be prepared in the manner of collagen self-assembly and simultaneous mineralization under physiological conditions by using anionic electrolytes as non-collagen analogues and incubating a mixture containing collagen, calcium ions, and phosphate ions. 14 Mineralized collagen fibrils in the hydrogels have a good biomimetic structure and are capable of inducing osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), indicating that mineralized collagen hydrogels are suitable as bone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.…”