An Energy Harvesting 2$\times$2 60 GHz Transceiver With Scalable Data Rate of 38–2450 Mb/s for Near-Range Communication

Abstract

A fully integrated 2 2 CMOS transceiver at 60 GHz with energy harvesting capability in the transmitter mode and on-chip dipole antennas is demonstrated. The radio supports on-off-keying (OOK) modulation and a programmable data rate of 38 to 2450 Mb/s at a BER of less than 5 10 . The power consumption of the transmitter scales with data rate from 100 W to 6.3 mW at 5 cm range and from 260 W to 11.9 mW at 10 cm range. This yields an energy efficiency of 2.6 pJ/b at 5 cm and 4.9 pJ/b at 10cm. The energy harvesting circuits operate at 2.45 GHz with an average efficiency of 33%. The harvesting antenna and its matching components are off-chip. The complete transceiver including the energy harvesting block and on-chip antennas occupies 1.62 mm in 40 nm CMOS.Index Terms-Close range, dipole antenna, energy harvest, impulse radio, IR-UWB, low power, MIMO, mmWave, near range, on-chip antenna, OOK, power harvest, 60 GHz, 2 2, ultra wide band.

A Millimeter-Wave Digital Link for Wireless MRI

“…The design uses highly directional, linearly polarized, on-chip dipole antennas with 3 dB bandwidth of 50° [14]. Fig.…”

“…This could be done as a onetime calibration for a particular set of transmitter receiver pairs. Finally, by connecting a loop antenna to the LVDS input port in the transmitter, a reference clock can be harvested by sending a pilot signal at any frequency, for example 2.4 GHz, inside the bore [14]. …”

“…This reduces system power consumption allowing operation with small non-magnetic batteries. An earlier version of this transceiver was used for a short range, high data-rate, near field communication (NFC) system [14]. The transmitter consumed a best in class 5 pJ/bit over 10 cm due the OOK modulation and simplicity of architecture.…”

“…2. Significant changes were made from the prior design [14] to target MRI systems. As most of the commercially available analog to digital convertors (ADCs) for MRI provide a low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) output, an LVDS receiver was added to the radio baseband.…”

A 45‐ to 57‐GHz low‐power amplifier in 90 nm bulk CMOS

“…Thanks to the development of CMOS process, the cut‐off frequency of transistors increases significantly. Meanwhile, the 9‐GHz unlicensed bandwidth span from 57 to 66 GHz is drawing more and more attention now‐a‐days . According to Shannon's theorem, the wider bandwidth means large data throughput; therefore, this available bandwidth could support high‐speed data communication and its related applications …”