“…Early research used individual level factors to operationalize the concept of side-bets, relying on such variables as age, tenure, gender, education, and marital status as proxies for side-bets (Alutto, Hrebiniak, & Alonso, 1973;Angle & Perry, 1983;Aranya & Jacobson, 1975;Cohen & Gattiker, 1992;Meyer & Allen, 1984;O'Reilly & Caldwell, 1981;Ritzer & Trice, 1969;Sheldon, 1971). A meta-analysis by Cohen and Lowenberg (1990) of fifty side-bet studies, however, suggested little relation between commitment and individual level variables used as measures of side-bets (see also, Wallace, 1997).…”