“…During the same period, Dow Jones, FTSE 100, DAX, NIKKEI 225, Shanghai and BIST 100 lost value by 34%, 34%, 35%, 27%, 14% and 29%, respectively (Bloomberg, 2008 ). Moreover, the rise in the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index (CBOE VIX), which is considered as one of the leading indicators of the business cycles and which reflects the volatility in global markets, was very close to the value it had assumed in the 2008 global financial crisis (Fasan et al, 2021 ; Just & Krzysztof, 2020 ; Salisu & Akanni, 2020 ). The CBOE VIX value, which reached 80 points during the 2008 global financial crisis, reached the same level at the end of March 2020 (see Figure 1 ).…”