An electrothermal vaporization unit with axially focusing convection upstream and influence of modifiers. Part I: Experimental

Electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in atomic absorption, atomic emission and plasma mass spectrometry—a critical review with focus on solid sampling and slurry analysis

“…84 Moreover, graphite particles originating from the furnace may also play a role in transporting the analyte. 57 Finally, matrix-components could also have an effect, which is particularly important for direct solid or slurry analysis The use of the proper chemical modifier can minimize such influence and enable the use a straightforward strategy for calibration. 15…”

“…The main difference among these adapted ETV units depends on whether the molecules/atoms of the analyte exit the furnace by one of the ends of the tube (end-on streaming systems) [53][54][55][56] or whether the sampling hole in the middle of the graphite tube serves as an exit for these vaporized products (upward streaming systems). 51,57 Ka ´ntor compared the advantages and disadvantages of both systems. 58 Concerning commercially available ETV units, the device manufactured by Perkin-Elmer (HGA 600 MS) was the most frequently used for many years, but its production has been discontinued.…”

Atomic Spectroscopy

“…Katskov showed that graphite filter atomizers for the case of high and medium volatility elements in matrixes associated with strong spectral and chemical interferences have advantages over commonly used electrothermal vaporizers and atomizers, tube and platform furnaces at the hand of analytical applications using organic liquids and slurries, biosamples, and food samples. Trenin et al , studied the use of an electrothermal vaporization unit with axially focusing convection upstream and the influence of modifiers. Transport efficiencies for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb were studied and coherent forward scattering measurements performed.…”