“…In addition, the insertion reactions of o ‐aryl anilines with CO, CO 2 or N,N ‐dimethyl formamide have also been disclosed as feasible approaches for the efficient synthesis of phenanthridinones. Furthermore, the intramolecular cyclization of functional o ‐phenyl benzamides, 2′‐bromo‐[1, 1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐carbonitriles, N ‐aryl 2‐halobenzaimides, N ‐phenyl benzamides have been proved to be practical tools toward the construction of these heterocycles, too. The coupling reactions of aryl carbamic chlorides with aryl iodides, o ‐halobenzoates and o ‐haloanilines, N ‐formyl o ‐haloanilines and benzynes, as well as ring expansion of spirolactam etc constitute even extended synthetic routes.…”