An Efficient Routing Protocol via Depth Adjustment and Energy Gradation in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Latif, Ghazanfar; Javaid, Nadeem; Iqbal, Arshad; Ahmad, Javed; Jabbar, Ather Abdul; Imran, Muhammad

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93554-6_18

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…When the radius is narrow, fewer nodes are involved in directing the path, which lowers the packed delivery ratio. Latif et al [16] have presented two routing techniques, one for energy gradation and the other for depth correction. When the energy-gradation technique is used, the original energy is split up into a number of junks.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priority based energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network

Murgod

Sundaram

Manchaiah

et al. 2023

IJECE

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<p class="Affiliation"><span lang="EN-US">A little change in the environment that goes unnoticed in an underwater communication network might lead to calamity. A little alteration in the environment must also be adequately analyzed in order to deal with a potential crisis. A priority-based routing protocol is required to ensure that the vital data perceived by the sensor about the environment changes. The priority-based routing system guarantees that vital data packets are delivered at a quicker pace to the destination or base station for further processing. In this work, we present a priority-based routing protocol based on the energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol (EEHRCP) algorithm. The suggested approach keeps two distinct queues for lower and higher priority data packets. In order to ensure that these packets get at their destination without any information loss and at a quicker rate, all of the crucial sensed data is passed through a higher priority queue. Test findings show that the suggested technique increases throughput, delivery percentage, and reduces latency for the crucial data packets.</span></p>

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priority based energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network

Murgod

Sundaram

Manchaiah

et al. 2023

IJECE

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“…Gaining a higher data delivery ratio is one of the main goals for designing a novel routing protocol for UWSN, and opportunistic routing protocols do so by sending data to the destination via different channels. If a potential next-hop forwarder fails to forward the data, then the neighboring node proceeds with the transmission and thus resulting in higher data delivery ratio [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normalized Advancement Based Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm With Void Detection and Avoiding Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Rahman¹,

Hashim²,

Rasid³

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the enabling technology for a new era of underwater monitoring and actuation applications. In this network, data aggregation and forwarding are intensely constrained due to channel impairment, and therefore require due consideration. One way to address the data collection of UWSN is by enhancing the routing protocol using the Opportunistic Routing (OR) technique. This article proposes a normalized advancement based opportunistic routing protocol called NA-TORA. NA-TORA is a geographically opportunistic routing protocol in which the next-hop forwarder is selected based on Normalized Advancement (NA). NA is calculated from Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and node' s energy consumption to find an optimal forwarding node. However, the forwarded data may not be received on the designated sink node due to the existence of a void node in the data forwarding route. To overcome the issue of void nodes, we have incorporated a void node detection and avoiding mechanism on NA-TORA, called NA-TORA with VA. The proposed scheme recursively detect void nodes and avoid these nodes to participate in data routing by utilizing the angle of transmission adjustment and transmission range extension method. The novelty of this work lies within its data transmission phase, where normalized advancement is used to select a potential candidate forwarder. Apart from that, the proposed routing protocol operates in two different modes, i.e., standard operating mode (NA-TORA), and void avoidance mode (NA-TORA with VA). Comprehensive simulations were performed to compare the performance of NA-TORA and NA-TORA with VA with some well-known existing routing protocols.

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“…Moreover, information is sent over a single link, which may not be reliable all the time in the harsh sea channel. Even if these protocols are not dependent on the geographical coordinates of nodes [11,12], advancing information over a single link in these algorithms threatens the reliability of information as the sea is a harsh medium. Packets are advanced in [11] with a unique holding time for every node in combination with increased transmission power of the node beyond which the void-hole exists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, for sparse network conditions, the holding time is not effective as nodes are not involved in frequent data advancement. In [12], the node facing a void-hole moves and adjusts its depth to avoid the void-hole. Then, it either selects a high energy relay node for information advancement to the end target or transfers directly to it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Aware Scalable Reliable and Void-Hole Mitigation Routing for Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Networks

et al. 2019

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In wireless underwater sensor networks (WUSNs), network protocols for information routing are usually designed when a significant number of nodes are present in the network. Therefore, for sparse conditions, when a noticeable reduction in the number of nodes occurs, the performance of such protocols exhibits a degraded behavior pattern. To cope with routing issues when sparse conditions prevail, two routing algorithms for WUSNs are proposed in this paper. They are energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing (ESRVR) and cooperative energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing (Co-ESRVR). The ESRVR uses a number of strategies. Firstly, it uses two hop neighbors’ information to develop routing trajectories for information advancement, as one hop information cannot avoid a void-hole, a condition when a node is not able to find neighbors towards the sea surface, and more than two hop information is difficult to obtain when sparse conditions prevail. Secondly, when a void-hole still exists, the protocol uses a backward transmission mechanism to find other routing paths to deliver packets to the end target. Thirdly, the time by which a packet is held by a node prior to transmission is short for the nodes with low energy, depth and high count of neighbors. This reduces packets loss and avoids congestion of the channel. It also helps the nodes with no or few neighbors to hold the packet for a significant chunk of time until they find suitable neighbors, due to sea tides and currents, for further packets’ advancement. The Co-ESRVR further adds reliability to information advancement by adding routing in a cooperative fashion to ESRVR, which involves packets advancement to destination along two paths: directly from source and via a relayed path. This provides multiple paths for data advancement to the sea surface, so that if one path is badly affected by the harsh sea characteristics, others may not be. Unlike the counterpart protocol, the proposed algorithms are not dependent on a node’s geographical location or the distance from the sea surface, which increases their scalability and reduces the computational complexity. Performance analysis displays superior behavior patterns of the proposed algorithms over the counterpart in terms of the compared characteristics.

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An Efficient Routing Protocol via Depth Adjustment and Energy Gradation in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Priority based energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network

Priority based energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network

Normalized Advancement Based Totally Opportunistic Routing Algorithm With Void Detection and Avoiding Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Energy-Aware Scalable Reliable and Void-Hole Mitigation Routing for Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Networks

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