An efficient metal-free phosphorus and oxygen co-doped g-C3N4 photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Self-assembled synthesis of oxygen-doped g-C3N4 nanotubes in enhancement of visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen

“…Both samples display two distinct peaks at 157.6 and 165.5 ppm, which are assigned to the C 3N (1) and C 2N-NHx (2) of heptazines, respectively [45,52]. Compare to bulk CN, two small splits at 158.3 (3) and 166.4 (4) ppm arise in the 13 C NMR spectra of CN-0.4, indicating that C-O-C bond has been formed, further demonstrating that oxygen atom has been doped in g-C 3 N 4 [53].…”

Construction of CoS/CeO2 heterostructure nanocages with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light

“…The time‐resolved PL spectrum was also recorded to examine the lifetime information of the photocarriers in CCNC‐0.1 and CeO 2 (Figure 9B). After optimizing the fit using the three‐exponential function, 56,57 the average lifetimes of CCNC‐0.1 and CeO 2 are estimated to be 0.16 ns and 0.12 ns, respectively. Appreciably, the increased PL lifetime in CCNC‐0.1 further demonstrates that CoS nanocages can effectively promote the separation of photoinduced carriers, which will encourage more active substances to participate in the process of photodegradation.…”

Recent advances in photodegradation of antibiotic residues in water

“… Strategies Catalysts and concentration Light source Antibiotic and concentration Degradation efficiency Ref. Vacancies BiOCl with abundant oxygen vacancies 0.5 g/L 300-W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) Tetracycline hydrochloride 10 mg/L Approximately 87% optimum within 2 h [51] Vacancies Oxygen vacancy-rich mesoporous ZrO 2 1 g/L 300-W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) Tetracycline hydrochloride 40 mg/L Approximately 80% optimum within 150 h [52] Vacancies BiOBr microspheres with oxygen vacancies 1 g/L 10-W LED lamp (0.4 mW‧cm −2 ) Tetracycline (TC) 20 mg/L Approximately 94% optimum within 90 min [53] Vacancies ZnWO 4-x nanorods with oxygen vacancy 0.2 g/L Hg lamp 300-W UV or 300-W Xe lamp (UV–Vis-NIR) Tetracycline 20 mg/L Approximately 91% optimum within 90 min [54] Vacancies Bi 2 MoO 6 with oxygen vacancy 0.4 g/L 300-W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm) Ciprofloxacin 20 mg/L Approximately 55% optimum within 120 min [55] Doping Carbon-doped g-C 3 N 4 0.5 g/L Sunlight Tetracycline 20 mg/L Approximately 90% optimum within 90 min [56] Doping P-O co-doped g-C 3 N 4 1 g/L 350-W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm) Enrofloxacin10 mg/L Approximately 90% within 80 min [57] Doping I and K co-doped g-C 3 N 4 2 g/L 300-W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm) Sulfamethoxazole 10 mg/L Approximately 99% optimum within 45 min [58] …”

“…The introduction of heteroatoms or ions into the photocatalyst, in the form of dopant, is an effective light response management method. Non-metal dopants (e.g., C [224] , [225] , B [226] , [227] , [228] , [229] , P [57] , [230] , S [231] , [232] , N [233] , [234] , [235] , [236] , and halogen [237] , [238] ) and metallic dopants (e.g. Fe 3+ [239] , [240] , Ce 3+ [62] , Cr 3+ [241] , W 6+ [242] , Ti 4+ [243] , Cu 2+ [241] , Co 2+ [244] , [245] and Er 3+ [246] ) were most widely studied in semiconductor photocatalysts, especially metal oxides.…”

“…In some cases, co-doping (e.g., the addition of two non-metals [57] , [231] , two metal ions [246] , or a metal ion paired with a non-metal ion [63] ) has been used to avoid imbalances of charges during aliovalent doping [187] . For example, b/N-TDHG (black Ti 3+ /N co-doped TiO 2 /diatomite hybrid granule) could be obtained from a sol–gel process [63] .…”