An efficient conversion of waste feather keratin into ecofriendly bioplastic film

A panel of geochemical techniques is used here to investigate the taphonomy of fossil feathers preserved in association with the skeleton of the Jurassic theropod Anchiornis huxleyi. Extant feathers were analysed in parallel to test whether the soft tissues morphologically preserved in the fossil also exhibit a high degree of chemical preservation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicate that clays and iron oxide pseudomorphs occur in the surrounding sediment and also reveal the preservation of melanosome‐like microbodies in the fossil. Carbon gradient along a depth profile and co‐occurrence of carbon and sulphur are shown in the fossil by elastic backscattering (EBS) and particle‐induced x‐ray emission (PIXE), which are promising techniques for the elemental analysis of fossil soft tissues. The molecular composition of modern and fossil soft tissues was assessed from micro‐attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro‐ATR FTIR), solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP‐MAS 13C NMR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the presence of TMAH (TMAH‐Py‐GC‐MS). Results indicate that the proteinaceous material that comprises the modern feathers is not present in the fossil feathers. The fossil feathers and the embedding sediment exhibit a highly aliphatic character. However, substantial differences exist between these samples, revealing that the organic matter of the fossil feathers is, at least partially, derived from original constituents of the feathers. Our results suggest that, despite the morphological preservation of Anchiornis feathers, original proteins, that is keratin, were probably not preserved in the 160‐myr‐old feathers.

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“…; Wang & Cao , Sharma et al . ), wool keratin (Yoshimizu & Ando ; Wojciechowska et al . ) or gecko setae keratin (Jain et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical preservation of tail feathers fromAnchiornis huxleyi, a theropod dinosaur from the Tiaojishan Formation (Upper Jurassic, China)

Cincotta

Colaux

et al. 2020

Palaeontology

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“…Many researchers are studied and also published some valuable documents such as articles, books, and patents, etc. These published documents have been commonly investigated biopolymer or bio‐based materials [9b,11] . Interestingly, eco composites and bio‐plastics materials have been produced from keratin which was extracted from chicken feathers [12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Chicken Feather Waste: Fabrication of Keratin‐Chitosan Biofilms

et al. 2021

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According to scientists, keratin is one of the most abundant fibrous materials in nature after cellulose and chitin in the world. Several nature fibrous materials have a wide range of application starting from biomedical application to the construction sector, and especially the textile sector. The uses of natural fibers in these sectors are economical for increasing their specific properties, such as antibacterial properties, flexibility, tensile strength, shear strength, toughness, etc. This paper presented a new type of keratin‐chitosan biofilms with the separation of keratin from waste chicken feathers. The laboratory‐scale keratin extraction process was designed. The keratin extraction percentage of different lixiviants (NaOH; NaOH+Na2S; Na2S) were studied and compared each other to understand the reaction process. The chosen reaction parameters were lixiviant concentration, reaction time, and temperature in an attempt to figure out their effects on the extraction of keratin. The highest extraction value was achieved at 60 °C and 400 rpm for 6 h, and 0.5 M Na2S per 5 g of chicken feather powder. After obtaining keratin powder from the chicken feather powder, the keratin and chitosan powders were mixed in a certain ratio. Afterwards the polyvinyl alcohol was added into the mixture of keratin and chitosan at 100 °C until forming the biofilms. The properties and structure of the biofilms were characterized and antibacterial properties of films were examined. Owing to its enormous extraction performance using common and cheap chemicals and simple equipment at ambient conditions, the pile processing method has great promise for the keratin bio‐waste's industrially.

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“…The chemical composition combined with the structure produces the unique combination of properties of feathers, and these include high tensile strength and toughness, extremely low density and excellent thermal insulating properties. Exploiting these characteristics in new materials manufactured from waste feathers has been the subject of increased research in recent years [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. Although down feathers are used for filling duvets, clothes and upholstery, only a very small percentage of the waste feathers produced and available from the poultry industry are beneficially reused.…”

Section: Barriers To a Circular Economy: A Case Study Of Waste Feathementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Barriers to Transitioning from a Linear to a Circular Economy for End of Life Materials: A Case Study for Waste Feathers

et al. 2020

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This research aimed to develop a simple but robust method to identify the key barriers to the transition from a linear to a circular economy (CE) for end of life products or material. Nine top-tier barrier categories have been identified that influence this transition. These relate to the basic material properties and product characteristics, the availability of suitable processing technology, the environmental impacts associated with current linear management, the organizational context, industry and supply chain issues, external drivers, public perception, the regulatory framework and the overall economic viability of the transition. The method provides a novel and rapid way to identify and quantitatively assess the barriers to the development of CE products. This allows mitigation steps to be developed in parallel with new product design. The method has been used to assess the potential barriers to developing a circular economy for waste feathers generated by the UK poultry industry. This showed that transitioning UK waste feathers to circularity faces significant barriers across numerous categories and is not currently economically viable. The assessment method developed provides a novel approach to identifying barriers to circularity and has potential to be applied to a wide range of end of life materials and products.

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An efficient conversion of waste feather keratin into ecofriendly bioplastic film

Cited by 94 publications

References 70 publications

Chemical preservation of tail feathers fromAnchiornis huxleyi, a theropod dinosaur from the Tiaojishan Formation (Upper Jurassic, China)

Chemical preservation of tail feathers fromAnchiornis huxleyi, a theropod dinosaur from the Tiaojishan Formation (Upper Jurassic, China)

Valorization of Chicken Feather Waste: Fabrication of Keratin‐Chitosan Biofilms

Analysis of Barriers to Transitioning from a Linear to a Circular Economy for End of Life Materials: A Case Study for Waste Feathers

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