An Effective and Secure Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol

Attacks on Two Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocols and an Improvement for Revocable Anonymity

“…Zhang et al (Zhang et al, 2006) apply the idea of (Goi et al, 2004)and ensure that the buyer's watermark is generated by the buyer, instead of a watermark certificate authority (WCA). According to our analysis, we conclude that the protocols of (Lei et al, 2004), (Shao, 2007), and (Ibrahim et al, 2007) cannot resist the conspiracy attack, where a malicious seller can collude with a third party, such that the seller can discover the buyer's watermark. 5.…”

“…Since the first introduction of the concept, several alternative design solutions have been proposed. Due to the space limit, instead of a full security analysis, we summarize the analysis and point out the shortcomings of each previous protocols (Choi et al, 2003), (Goi et al, 2004), (Lei et al, 2004), (Zhang et al, 2006), (Shao, 2007), and (Ibrahim et al, 2007). Except that the piracy tracing problem and the customer's rights problem are solved in the early schemes, the existing solutions to the other problems are either impractical or incomplete, as depicted in Table 1.…”

“…Our contribution of this paper is twofold: first, we analyze the security and present attacks on the protocols by Lei et al (Lei et al, 2004), and Ibrahim et al (Ibrahim et al, 2007), and prove that neither of them is able to provide security for the buyer and/or the seller as claimed. Further, both protocols require to employ deterministic cryptosystems.…”

“…The players involved in the protocol (Ibrahim et al, 2007), are the seller A, the buyer B, the certificate authority CA, and the arbitrator J. The protocol comprises two phases, namely the watermark generation and insertion protocol and the identification and arbitration protocol.…”

Analysis of a Buyer–Seller Watermarking Protocol for Trustworthy Purchasing of Digital Contents

“…[14] presented a protocol that also protects the buyer's privacy. Several buyer-seller protocol variants have been constructed since then, including the protocols proposed in [1], [2], [5], [6], [8], [9], [12], [13], [15], [16], [17], [21], and subsequent analyses appear in [10], [11], [20], [24], [5,4,23].…”