An economic approach to reducing water pollution: point and diffuse sources

O’Shea, Lucy

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00938-x

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Diffuse sources of pollution include dry and wet atmospheric deposition. Storm water infiltration from waste storage and septic tanks is also a major concern [35]. Watershed protection refers to the activities preformed on a topographical and hydrological water area in order to protect water quality within a catchment.…”

Section: Pollution and Abstraction Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries

Treacy¹

2019

The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries

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Safe drinking water remains inaccessible to many humans in the developing countries. Research continuously innovates to develop efficient and cheap methods to sustain clean water for developing countries. Developing nations are a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialised and have lower per capita income levels than developed countries. This chapter will discuss clean water for drinking water purposes. Pollution concerns of water in developing countries will be categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. Natural and anthropogenic pollution concerns linking with seasonal factors will be outlined. The multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment will be discussed. Abstraction points used will be researched. Water treatment systems, medium-to small-scale approaches, will be discussed. The processes involved in removing the contaminants including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination will be reviewed. Other important methods including solar disinfection, hybrid filtration methods and arsenic removal technologies using innovative solid phase materials will be included in this chapter. Rainwater harvesting technologies are reviewed. Safe storage options for treated water are outlined. Challenges of water treatment in rural and urban areas will be outlined.

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Section: Pollution and Abstraction Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries

Treacy¹

2019

The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries

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“…It is unlikely that any one instrument or practice can be applied as a 'blanket approach' throughout Europe because of the socio-economic and environmental heterogeneity, and increasing marginal costs of a single approach (Segerson and Walker, 2002). Moreover, any instrument must be able to cope with the current inability to observe individual emissions to diffuse sources of pollution (O'Shea, 2002). Coupled socio-economic and environmental modelling approaches are required to aid management development.…”

Section: Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling nitrogen fluxes from the land to the coastal zone in European systems: a perspective from the INCA project

Wade

Neal

Whitehead

et al. 2005

Journal of Hydrology

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“…Many regulators recognize that such standards are not costeffective because they require all polluting factories to toe the same line, regardless of abatement costs and local environmental conditions (Worldbank, 1999). However, market-based strategies do not specify the use of any particular pollution control technology: rather, they give polluters the flexibility and incentive to find the most cost-efficient means of achieving pollution control targets (O'Shea, 2002). Economic instruments are therefore promising for developing countries in terms of affordable pollution control.…”

Section: Institutional Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, diffuse sources are becoming increasingly important in the overall pollution problem of developing countries and require approaches that differ from the conventional means of practice (D'Arcy and Frost, 2001). For example, marketable permits allow flexible pollution control of point sources, but can also be used in relation to diffuse sources in the shape of land-use permits (O'Shea, 2002).…”

Section: Possible Inequalities Of Polluters By Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effluent standards for developing countries: combining the technology- and water quality-based approach

Ragas

Scheren

Konterman

et al. 2005

Water Science and Technology

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It is a challenge for developing countries to realize socio-economical development without impairing water resources in an unacceptable way. A possible means for controlling water pollution is through defining, applying and enforcing effluent standards for wastewater discharges. However, in many developing countries the definition of effluent standards is still poor. They are either too stringent because they are based on standards from developed countries, or too relaxed and therefore they do not guarantee the safe intended uses of water. In order to define an approach for setting effluent standards that suits the needs and means of developing counties, water quality management practices in the USA, the EU, the New Independent States (NIS) and the Philippines were analyzed and compared. Four criteria (protection of the environment, technical viability, economic feasibility and institutional capacity requirements) were used to assess the suitability of these practices for developing countries. It is concluded that a combined approach that is based on best available technology not entailing excessive costs and environmental quality standards is the best way to define effluent standards that restrict water pollution against affordable costs.

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An economic approach to reducing water pollution: point and diffuse sources

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries

Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries

Modelling nitrogen fluxes from the land to the coastal zone in European systems: a perspective from the INCA project

Effluent standards for developing countries: combining the technology- and water quality-based approach

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