An ecological study of obesity-related cancer incidence trends in Australia from 1983 to 2017

Feletto, Eleonora; Kohar, Ankur; Mizrahi, David; Grogan, Paul; Steinberg, Julia; Hughes, Clare; Watson, Wendy L.; Canfell, Karen; Yu, Xue Qin

doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100575

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized obesity as a serious, complex chronic disease, and one that was not just restricted to affluent Western nations. It involved all age groups, socio-economic classes and industrialized and developing countries and was indeed a global epidemic [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The WHO definitions of excess body weight in adults based on body mass index (BMI) are: Overweight (BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m 2 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human obesity involves behavioural, psychosocial, neuroendocrine, immunological, dietary, gut microbiome, genetic and epigenetic factors. These are intertwined with major changes in global food production and distribution, as well as decreased physical activity in an increasingly urbanized society [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The aim of this narrative review was to examine: The current global phenomenon of excess body weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Mechanisms of Western Diet-Induced Obesity and Obesity-Related Carcinogenesis—A Narrative Review

2023

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The present study aims to provide a narrative review of the molecular mechanisms of Western diet-induced obesity and obesity-related carcinogenesis. A literature search of the Cochrane Library, Embase and Pubmed databases, Google Scholar and the grey literature was conducted. Most of the molecular mechanisms that induce obesity are also involved in the twelve Hallmarks of Cancer, with the fundamental process being the consumption of a highly processed, energy-dense diet and the deposition of fat in white adipose tissue and the liver. The generation of crown-like structures, with macrophages surrounding senescent or necrotic adipocytes or hepatocytes, leads to a perpetual state of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperinsulinaemia, aromatase activity, activation of oncogenic pathways and loss of normal homeostasis. Metabolic reprogramming, epithelial mesenchymal transition, HIF-1α signalling, angiogenesis and loss of normal host immune-surveillance are particularly important. Obesity-associated carcinogenesis is closely related to metabolic syndrome, hypoxia, visceral adipose tissue dysfunction, oestrogen synthesis and detrimental cytokine, adipokine and exosomal miRNA release. This is particularly important in the pathogenesis of oestrogen-sensitive cancers, including breast, endometrial, ovarian and thyroid cancer, but also ‘non-hormonal’ obesity-associated cancers such as cardio-oesophageal, colorectal, renal, pancreatic, gallbladder and hepatocellular adenocarcinoma. Effective weight loss interventions may improve the future incidence of overall and obesity-associated cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Western Diet-Induced Obesity and Obesity-Related Carcinogenesis—A Narrative Review

2023

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“…Obesity is emerging as a global health problem [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. It was once thought to be more prevalent in affluent Western nations but is now rapidly increasing in North African, Middle Eastern, Central and South American, South and South-East Asian and Oceanic countries [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the colorectal cancer incidence rate in people aged 20–29 years increased from 4.4 in 2001 to an estimated 10.3 cases per 100,000 people in 2021, which may be attributable to the rising prevalence of obesity [ 1 ]. A recent ecological study reported an increase in the incidence of OACs by birth cohort across all age groups in Australia, which has been globally mirrored [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Future Cancer Risk

Wilson

Lathigara

Kaushal

2023

IJMS

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The study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for the prevention of future cancers following bariatric surgery. A systematic literature search of the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases (2007–2023), Google Scholar and grey literature was conducted. A meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method and random effects model. Thirty-two studies involving patients with obesity who received bariatric surgery and control patients who were managed with conventional treatment were included. The meta-analysis suggested bariatric surgery was associated with a reduced overall incidence of cancer (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46–0.84, p < 0.002), obesity-related cancer (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39–0.90, p = 0.01) and cancer-associated mortality (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.42–0.62, p < 0.00001). In specific cancers, bariatric surgery was associated with reduction in the future incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.22–0.55, p < 0.00001), colorectal cancer (RR 0.63, CI 0.50–0.81, p = 0.0002), pancreatic cancer (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29–0.93, p = 0.03) and gallbladder cancer (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.18–0.96, p = 0.04), as well as female specific cancers, including breast cancer (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44–0.71, p < 0.00001), endometrial cancer (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.26–0.55, p < 0.00001) and ovarian cancer (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31–0.64, p < 0.0001). There was no significant reduction in the incidence of oesophageal, gastric, thyroid, kidney, prostate cancer or multiple myeloma after bariatric surgery as compared to patients with morbid obesity who did not have bariatric surgery. Obesity-associated carcinogenesis is closely related to metabolic syndrome; visceral adipose dysfunction; aromatase activity and detrimental cytokine, adipokine and exosomal miRNA release. Bariatric surgery results in long-term weight loss in morbidly obese patients and improves metabolic syndrome. Bariatric surgery may decrease future overall cancer incidence and mortality, including the incidence of seven obesity-related cancers.

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“…According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), around eight percent of cancers worldwide can be attributed to obesity [4]. Furthermore, the incidence of obesity-related cancers is increasing faster than nonobesity related cancers [5]. Rising thyroid cancer incidence parallels the global increase in obesity, which has tripled between 1975 and 2016 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and thyroid cancer risk

Burrage

McLeod

Jordan

2023

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes &Amp; Obesity

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Purpose of review This review explores recent evidence assessing the relationship between obesity and thyroid cancer. Recent findings Consistent evidence from observational studies suggests that obesity increases the risk of thyroid cancer. The relationship persists when alternative measures of adiposity are used, but the strength of association may vary according to the timing and duration of obesity and how obesity or other metabolic parameters are defined as exposures. Recent studies have reported an association between obesity and thyroid cancers that are larger or have adverse clinicopathologic features, including those with BRAF mutations, thus providing evidence that the association is relevant for clinically significant thyroid cancers. The underlying mechanism for the association remains uncertain but may be driven by disruption in adipokines and growth-signaling pathways. Summary Obesity is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer, although further research is required to understand the biological mechanisms underpinning this relationship. Reducing the prevalence of obesity is predicted to lessen the future burden of thyroid cancer. However, the presence of obesity does not impact current recommendations for screening or management of thyroid cancer.

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An ecological study of obesity-related cancer incidence trends in Australia from 1983 to 2017

Cited by 7 publications

References 57 publications

Molecular Mechanisms of Western Diet-Induced Obesity and Obesity-Related Carcinogenesis—A Narrative Review

Molecular Mechanisms of Western Diet-Induced Obesity and Obesity-Related Carcinogenesis—A Narrative Review

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Future Cancer Risk

Obesity and thyroid cancer risk

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