An eco-friendly method for analysis of sulfonamides in water samples using a multi-pumping system

Abstract

A new methodology for determination of sulfonamides (sulfaquinoxaline, sulfathiazole, and sulfadimethoxine) in water samples was developed by coupling an automated multi-pumping flow system (MPFS) with a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC; pathlength, 100 cm) and a spectrophotometric detector. The method is based on the reaction between sulfonamides and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in dilute acid medium (hydrochloric acid), with measurement of the reaction products at 565 nm. Experimental design methodology was used to optimize the analytical conditions. The linear range obtained was 10.0–130.0 μg/L, and detection and quantification limits were 3.1 and 10.1 μg/L, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of sulfonamides in water samples. By coupling the MPFS with the LWCC, the sensitivity was enhanced, reagent consumption was low, and waste generation was minimized. The results obtained with the MPFS method were confirmed by LC–MS.

Development of a Screening Method for Sulfamethoxazole in Environmental Water by Digital Colorimetry Using a Mobile Device

“…Other methods proposed for evaluation of sulfonamides in environmental waters using the same colorimetric reaction either require a dedicated automated manifold that is not commercially available [47,50] or involve a desorption step of the retained SMZ in the solid support, making the analytical process longer and requiring more organic solvent and the use of microplate equipment [43]. Moreover, compared to other methods developed for screening [43,50,51], the present method offers similar LOD values, particularly when using 25 mL of sample.…”

“…Other methods proposed for evaluation of sulfonamides in environmental waters using the same colorimetric reaction either require a dedicated automated manifold that is not commercially available [47,50] or involve a desorption step of the retained SMZ in the solid support, making the analytical process longer and requiring more organic solvent and the use of microplate equipment [43]. Moreover, compared to other methods developed for screening [43,50,51], the present method offers similar LOD values, particularly when using 25 mL of sample. Finally, there are methods that provided lower LOD values, but they require chromatographic equipment connected to fluorimeters [52] or mass spectrometry detectors [53][54][55], and this type of technology cannot be applied in the field in the manner of our proposed mobile device sensor.…”