An E-Liquid Flavor Wheel: A Shared Vocabulary Based on Systematically Reviewing E-Liquid Flavor Classifications in Literature

Krüsemann, Erna J Z; Boesveldt, Sanne; Graaf, Kees de; Talhout, Reinskje

doi:10.1093/ntr/nty101

Cited by 96 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Recently, Krusemann et al . systematically classified commercial e-liquids into a comprehensive chart AKA “E-Liquid Flavor Wheel” [ 5 ]. The flavor wheel suggests there may be other flavors (e.g., alcohol, honey, or vanilla) which could damage tooth enamel as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The success of the e-cigarette industry, in part, can be attributed to its target market strategy to younger age group, the public’s perception that e-cigarettes are a safer alternative to traditional tobacco products, and readily available Do-It-Yourself (DIY) instructions and starter kits on social media platforms [ 3 , 4 ]. E-liquids are available in a wide variety of candy-, beverage-, and fruit- like flavors, as well as traditional flavors such as tobacco and menthol [ 5 ]. E-liquids can be ordered without nicotine (AKA “pleasure without consequences”) which can be enticing to youth and young adults [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cariogenic potential of sweet flavors in electronic-cigarette liquids

et al. 2018

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BackgroundMost electronic-cigarette liquids contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine and a wide variety of flavors of which many are sweet. Sweet flavors are classified as saccharides, esters, acids or aldehydes. This study investigates changes in cariogenic potential when tooth surfaces are exposed to e-cigarette aerosols generated from well-characterized reference e-liquids with sweet flavors.MethodsReference e-liquids were prepared by combining 20/80 propylene glycol/glycerin (by volume fraction), 10 mg/mL nicotine, and flavors. Aerosols were generated by a Universal Electronic-Cigarette Testing Device (49.2 W, 0.2 Ω). Streptococcus mutans (UA159) were exposed to aerosols on tooth enamel and the biological and physiochemical parameters were measured.ResultsE-cigarette aerosols produced four-fold increase in microbial adhesion to enamel. Exposure to flavored aerosols led to two-fold increase in biofilm formation and up to a 27% decrease in enamel hardness compared to unflavored controls. Esters (ethyl butyrate, hexyl acetate, and triacetin) in e-liquids were associated with consistent bacteria-initiated enamel demineralization, whereas sugar alcohol (ethyl maltol) inhibited S. mutans growth and adhesion. The viscosity of the e-liquid allowed S. mutans to adhere to pits and fissures. Aerosols contained five metals (mean ± standard deviation): calcium (0.409 ± 0.002) mg/L, copper (0.011 ± 0.001) mg/L, iron (0.0051 ± 0.0003) mg/L, magnesium (0.017 ± 0.002) mg/L, and silicon (0.166 ± 0.005) mg/L.ConclusionsThis study systematically evaluated e-cigarette aerosols and found that the aerosols have similar physio-chemical properties as high-sucrose, gelatinous candies and acidic drinks. Our data suggest that the combination of the viscosity of e-liquids and some classes of chemicals in sweet flavors may increase the risk of cariogenic potential. Clinical investigation is warranted to confirm the data shown here.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cariogenic potential of sweet flavors in electronic-cigarette liquids

et al. 2018

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“…In a previous study, flavour-related information about each e-liquid was obtained from the EU-CEG system. According to a standardised approach, e-liquid flavours were classified into one of the following 16 main flavour categories: tobacco , menthol/mint , nuts , spices , coffee/tea , alcohol , other beverages , fruit-berries , fruit-citrus , fruit-tropical , fruit-other , dessert , candy , other sweets , other flavours and unflavo u red 7 30. E-liquids were considered ‘unclassifiable’ if they were not found on the internet (n=1680; 9% of total sample) or could not be searched for due to the EU-CEG information being too general (eg, only referring to a brand or product range, n=906; 5% of total sample) 7…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category

Krüsemann¹,

Havermans

Pennings

et al. 2020

Tob Control

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Objectives Flavours increase e-cigarette attractiveness and use and thereby exposure to potentially toxic ingredients. An overview of e-liquid ingredients is needed to select target ingredients for chemical analytical and toxicological research and for regulatory approaches aimed at reducing e-cigarette attractiveness. Using information from e-cigarette manufacturers, we aim to identify the flavouring ingredients most frequently added to e-liquids on the Dutch market. Additionally, we used flavouring compositions to automatically classify e-liquids into flavour categories, thereby generating an overview that can facilitate market surveillance. Methods We used a dataset containing 16 839 e-liquids that were manually classified into 16 flavour categories in our previous study. For the overall set and each flavour category, we identified flavourings present in more than 10% of the products and their median quantities. Next, quantitative and qualitative ingredient information was used to predict e-liquid flavour categories using a random forest algorithm. results We identified 219 unique ingredients that were added to more than 100 e-liquids, of which 213 were flavourings. The mean number of flavourings per e-liquid was 10±15. The most frequently used flavourings were vanillin (present in 35% of all liquids), ethyl maltol (32%) and ethyl butyrate (28%). In addition, we identified 29 category-specific flavourings. Moreover, e-liquids' flavour categories were predicted with an overall accuracy of 70%. Conclusions Information from manufacturers can be used to identify frequently used and category-specific flavourings. Qualitative and quantitative ingredient information can be used to successfully predict an e-liquid's flavour category, serving as an example for regulators that have similar datasets available.

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“…The legal restrictions on the sale of NVPs in CA have had the effect of keeping NVP devices (typically closed systems) manufactured by cigarette manufacturers out of retail shops, while NVP devices manufactured by non-cigarette companies (typically open systems) dominate the market [12]. Government regulators are increasingly being asked to develop standards that address the safety, labelling and nicotine delivery of NVPs [13][14][15][16][17]. One of the key components of the European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), introduced in May 2016, is that NVPs and/or e-liquid bottles/cartridges containing < 20 mg/ml are treated as consumer products, while those with greater nicotine concentrations are subject to regulation as a medicinal product [18] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of nicotine vaping products used by participants in the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey

et al. 2019

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Background and Aims The regulatory environment for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) varies widely across countries and this will probably affect the devices used, nicotine content and usage, and hence the ability of NVPs to substitute for cigarettes. We aimed to describe the types of NVPs used by current vapers in four countries with varying regulatory and enforcement approaches toward the marketing and sale of NVPs. Methods Data are from wave 1 (July-November 2016) of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (4CV1), conducted among a cohort of current and former smokers, and current NVP users (n = 5147 adults; ≥ 18 years) in Australia (AU), Canada (CA), England (EN) and the United States (US) reporting either current daily, weekly or occasional NVP use. Devices were described by type, brand, voltage variability and refill capacity. Refill solutions were described by flavour and nicotine content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were conducted on the overall sample and stratified by country. A multinomial logistic regression examined factors associated with device preference across the whole sample. Results The types of NVPs used differed by pattern of use and country. Exclusive, daily vapers were more likely to use refillable pen-shaped devices [odds ratio (OR) = 10.0] or refillable box-shaped devices (OR = 5.4) than disposable cigalike devices, when compared with other (non-daily/dual) users. Nearly all respondents reported using flavoured NVPs, fruit (28.3%) being the most common flavour. Refillable devices were the most popular: refillable box-shaped devices were more commonly reported by vapers in AU (36.8%) and US (31.4%), whereas in EN (47.4%) and CA (29.7%), vapers more often reported using refillable pen-style devices. Most users also reported that their products contained nicotine, even in CA (87.8%) and AU (91.2%), where vaping products containing nicotine were technically illegal. Conclusions In Australia, Canada, England and the United States in 2016, refillable nicotine vaping products were the most common type of nicotine vaping products used by daily vapers. Most daily vapers reported using flavoured e-liquids/refills (with variance across countries) and most reported using products that contain nicotine, even where vaping products with nicotine were banned.

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An E-Liquid Flavor Wheel: A Shared Vocabulary Based on Systematically Reviewing E-Liquid Flavor Classifications in Literature

Cited by 96 publications

References 49 publications

Cariogenic potential of sweet flavors in electronic-cigarette liquids

Cariogenic potential of sweet flavors in electronic-cigarette liquids

Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category

Characteristics of nicotine vaping products used by participants in the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey

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