“…Relative to previous global terrestrial threat maps (Ellis et al, ; Geldmann, Joppa, & Burgess, ; Venter et al, ), we incorporate more recent global‐scale datasets and a greater number of anthropogenic drivers. We include a greater coverage of transportation infrastructure that is known to trigger human encroachment and accelerate ecosystem degradation (Ibisch et al, ) and extractive activities that increasingly cause large‐scale land change (Kiesecker & Naugle, ) and have high impact on biodiversity (Schulze et al, ). Unlike other approaches that rely on categorical land system mapping (Van Asselen & Verburg, ; Ellis & Ramankutty, ) or ad hoc categorical scoring (Sanderson et al, ), our cumulative human modification map (HM c ) supports thresholding along a continuous gradient of land modification values to evaluate landscape structure (Verburg, Asselen, Zanden, & Stehfest, ): a component essential for robust cumulative impact assessments (Halpern & Fujita, ) and fragmentation analyses (Haddad et al, ; Halpern & Fujita, ; Taubert et al, ).…”