An assessment of the short-term impact of COVID-19 on economics and the environment: A case study of Indonesia

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has already made a significant impact on various sectors. No country was fully prepared to face this global pandemic, and Indonesia is no exception. For Indonesia, this pandemic shook not only the public health service system but also the economy. This study makes projections related to the impact of this pandemic on the Indonesian economy by utilising a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Additionally, we calculate the land needed to cover the demand for agricultural products, as well as the level to which emissions can be reduced. Our simulation shows that, along with every shock caused by COVID-19 to national supply and demand, Indonesia will be experiencing economic stagnation by 2021, with the gross domestic product (GDP) level 4%–8% lower than the business as usual (BAU) level during the pandemic (2020–2021). The two sectors that will be hit hardest are the transportation and tourism sectors, making up a GDP loss ranging from 30%–50%. During this stagnation, the agricultural sector is a potential sector for accommodating workers who have been laid off. The model also predicts that there will be a temporary land-use change that the farmers will prefer to use their land for food and horticultural commodities. As for emissions, our calculations show that the potential for emission reductions will be up to 8% by 2021, compared to the BAU level. However, the source of this emission reduction is not positive as it comes from the restriction of economic activity, and the growth in emissions from the industrial and waste sectors are still increasing rapidly, even during the pandemic. Thus, it is feared that there will be a very high spike in emissions when the pandemic ends, making the situation more challenging for Indonesia to achieve its emission mitigation targets. Furthermore, once the government introduces fiscal incentives to support the economy during the pandemic, the economic condition will be improved, although still not fully recovered. The model predicts that the government fiscal incentives may help to improve the GDP by around 1%–3%, compared to when no incentive is introduced.

How are FDI and green recovery related in Southeast Asian economies?

“…Therefore, the determination of efficient fiscal policy in Southeast Asian economies is essential because of its impact on the magnitude of the relationship between FDI and green growth. On one hand, tax rules and public spending in these economies should be optimized, and on the other hand, these economies should consider all options to address the fiscal deficit challenge under the COVID-19 circumstances that have negatively affected the public health system, trade flows, capital mobility, and economic activities (Sciortino and Saini 2020 ; Malahayati et al 2021 ).…”

Crude Oil Prices and Currency Exchange Rates’ Impact on the Indonesian Energy Stock Market during the Covid-19 Pandemic

“…This passed off as fluctuations in worldwide oil expenses, which significantly affected salt oil and gasoline mining corporations in Indonesia at some stage in the Covid-19 outbreak. Meanwhile, (Benavides et al, 2019), (Benavides et al, 2019), (Shafie et al, 2021), (Malahayati et al, 2021).…”

Evaluation of the Utilization of Tax Incentive Policies during the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Framework of National Economic Recovery

“…This policy choice carries significant consequences of reducing community and business activity. Output then came under pressure, prompting the economy to continue slowing into recession (Malahayati et al, 2021). To prevent a deeper recession, the Government needs to issue stimulus policies (Wiryawan, 2020).…”