An Assessment of the Rare Earth Element Content of Conventional and Electric Vehicles

Rare Earth Recycling: Forecast of Recoverable Nd from Shredder Scrap and Influence of Recycling Rates on Price Volatility

“…Another option for recycling (Recycling Scenario 3) will be the complete removal of the large traction motors and generator motors from HEVs/EVs before shredding in order to process these RE rich materials in a separate process [11]. In this case, HEVs/EVs contain the same amount of Nd as conventional LDVs [2] and the values given for Scenario 1 are valid for calculations of Scenario 3.…”

“…Using minimum and maximum values for the Nd content in shredder feed (light duty vehicle/LDVs, household appliances, other sources) as described by us previously [10], two different scenarios were considered in our forecast for the next 20 years: (1) Hybrid vehicle (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are not shredded with conventional LDVs and household appliances and (2) HEVs and EVs are shredded with conventional LDVs and household appliances. This distinction is important to arrive at accurate conclusions due to the much higher Nd content of HEVs and EVs when compared to conventional vehicles [11].…”

Quantitative analysis of precious metals in automotive shredder residue/combustion residue via EDX fluorescence spectrometry

“…Although, there are many studies investigating the more common metals used in the vehicles such as iron, aluminium, and copper mainly by looking at the ELV shredder output [9,[26][27][28], information remains scarce and scattered for the scarce metals (SM) including precious/platinum group metals (PGM) used in the vehicles [29]. Two studies focused on specific vehicle brands and models and estimated metal distribution in hypothetical conventional passenger vehicles based on reported information from part suppliers [30,31]. Two Japanese studies also reported the distribution of 24 elements in vehicle components as well as in selected shredder fractions of an ELV shredder in Japan [32,33].…”

Waste prevention for sustainable resource and waste management

“…In addition to their levels of toxicity, the need to develop resource recovery methods has become more important because electric devices and next-generation vehicles (such as HEVs and EVs) are becoming increasingly popular. The amount of scarce metals contained in an ELV has been quantified using various approaches, including dismantling surveys [107,[109][110][111][112][113][114][115].…”