An Assessment of the Impact of Wind Generation on System Frequency Control

Abstract

Abstract-Rising wind generation penetrations and the distinctive inertial characteristics of associated turbine technology will impact system frequency control. While wind production will displace conventional synchronous plant, empirical study data presented also suggest that the relationship between the total stored turbine kinetic energy and the total system power production for wind is a variable that exhibits significant nonlinearity. Changing trends in system frequency behavior of a power system following the loss of the largest generator are studied in detail here, using simplified frequency control models and extensive simulations of wind penetration scenarios over an extended multiyear timeframe. The system frequency response is characterized by the rate of change of frequency and the frequency nadir. Results show that increasing levels of doubly fed induction generators and high-voltage dc interconnection alter the frequency behavior significantly, and that system operators may have to be proactive in developing solutions to meet these challenges.Index Terms-Frequency control, power generation dispatch, power system security, wind power generation.

Use of Frequency Response Metrics to Assess the Planning and Operating Requirements for Reliable Integration of Variable Renewable Generation

“…The report, however, does not discuss interconnection-wide impacts of increased variable renewable generation on overall requirements for reserves for primary frequency control or the considerations that must be taken into account in ensuring that these reserves will always be adequate. 79 University researchers at the Electricity Research Centre in Ireland have used academic-grade analysis tools to study the impact of wind generation on lowering the inertia of a simplified power system representative of Ireland's (Lalor et al 2005, Doherty et al 2010. They substantiate the theoretical relationships discussed in Section 3.4.1, namely, that a power system with wind generation will have lower inertia than a power system without wind generation for a given amount of total generation.…”

Real-time impact of power balancing on power system operation with large scale integration of wind power

“…6. The ''area control error'' (P ACE ) calculation is based on the power exchange deviation from its scheduled (DP) and the frequency deviation (Df) from its nominal value, as shown in (1) and (2). The frequency bias setting ''B'' of the AGC, in (1), depends on overall droop characteristics of the generating units taking part in the primary response.…”

“…Several studies have been performed in this area over the last few years. For example, according to [2], the increasing integration of wind power alters the frequency behaviour and solutions must be developed to meet these challenges. A Dutch case study in [3] shows that additional regulating reserves are required in the presence of large scale wind power.…”

Optimization of Active Current for Large-Scale Wind Turbines Integrated into Weak Grids for Power System Transient Stability Improvement

“…The impact of this large-scale integration of wind turbines on power system stability in such systems has been widely studied in terms of transient stability [2][3][4][5], small signal stability [6,7], and frequency stability [8]. Based on these studies, many optimizations or re-designs of wind turbine controllers have been proposed to improve different aspects of power system stability [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”